Identification of food constituents in milk Essay

Objective †¢To compare and analysis the composition of two different types of unknown milk, K1 and K2. †¢To determine the differences of the fat content in milk samples, K1 and K2. †¢To compare the reducing sugar in the both samples of milk, K1 and K2. †¢To compare the protein concentrations in the both samples of milk, K1 and K2. Introduction Milk provides a useful dietary source of calcium, which is vital for the growth and maintenance of bone and tooth. Milk is the first source of nourishment as it played an important role in human nutrition. The constituents in milk that are vital in food preparation are enzymes, vitamins, pigments, salts, sugar, fat, and proteins. Different milk samples which contain different food constituents will have a different nutritional value respectively. Sudan (III) is fat-soluble dye used for staining of triglycerides (fat). It is used in the experiment to detect for the presence of fatty acids. It will appear as red globules if fatty acids are present in the milk sample. Benedict’s reagent is used to test for the presence of reducing sugars. The solution will form a brick-red precipitate when the milk sample contains reducing sugar (glucose, maltose, lactose.) Sugar that can form an aldehyde and ketone in the presence of an alkaline solution is known as reducing sugars. The Biuret test is used to test for the presence of protein. The biuret test is based on the ability of Cu (II) ions to form a violet-coloured chelate complex with peptide bonds (-CONH-groups) in alkaline conditions. In Biuret’s test (consist of sodium hydroxide and copper (II) sulphate solution),the solution will turn to purple when the proteins are present in the milk sample. Proteins are organic compounds important for growth and repair. Protein molecules are composed primarily of amino acids linked together through peptide bonds. Materials Copper(II) sulphate solution, unknown milk sample (K1,K2), cooking oil, distilled water, salad oil, Sudan(III), full cream milk, Benedict reagent, 10% potassium hydroxide, 0.5% copper(II) sulphate Apparatus Test tubes, plastic pipettes, cork, water bath Methods (A) 1. A clean test tube is filled until 1cm of the top with copper (II) sulphate solution. 2. A small amount of K1 is pipette into a clean plastic pipette and a drop is gently released into the copper (II) sulphate solution as shown in Figure 3. Another drop of milk is further released. 3. Then the pipette is withdrawn slowly without disturbing the copper (II) sulphate solution. The movement of K1 is observed carefully and the observations are noted. 4. The procedure above is repeated using new, fresh copper (II) sulphate solution, new clean glass apparatus and the sample of K2. Observations on the movement of K2 are recorded and any differences in the behaviour of the drops of K1 and K2 are noted carefully. (B) 1. 6 test tubes are obtained and numbered them from 1-6. 2. The materials listed in Table 1 are added. 3. The contents of each tube are mixed thoroughly. 4. The colour changed of the tubes contents are recorded. TUBETUBE SOLUTION 1.1ml cooking oil + 1ml distilled water 2.1ml salad oil + 5 drops of Sudan III 3. 1ml full cream milk + 5 drops of Sudan III 4. 1ml distilled water + 5 drops of Sudan III 5.1ml distilled water + 1ml cooking oil + 5 drops of Sudan III 6.1ml cooking oil + 5 drops of Sudan III (C) (i) Reducing sugar test 1. 2cm3 of K1 obtained is poured into a test tube and added by 2cm3 of Benedict’s reagent. The reagent with the K1 solution is mixed thoroughly. 2. The test tube is shaken occasionally when placed in the water bath with the temperature of 94á ¶ ¿c and left for 5 minutes. 3. The colour changed is observed and the observations are recorded. 4. Procedures 1-3 are repeated with another sample of milk, K2. The observations are recorded. (ii) Protein test 1. To 2cm3 of K1 obtained in a test tube, 2cm3 of 10% potassium hydroxide solution is added into it and the tube is shaken to mix the contents. 2. 0.5% copper sulphate solution is added a drop at a time and the tube is shaken continuously. The drops added did not exceed 10 drops. 3. Procedures 1 and 2 are repeated using another sample of milk, K2 in place of rest solution. Results A.(i) Type of unknown milkObservation K1Milk droplets sank in the CuSO4. (ii) Type of unknown milkObservation K2Milk droplets floated on the top of CuSO4. B. TubeTube solutionDescription of reaction BeforeAfter 11mL cooking oil + 1mL distilled water2 layers solution formed, oil floated2 layers solution formed, oil floated 21mL salad oil + 5 drops of Sudan III2 layers of oil and Sudan III droplets formed2 layers solution formed (slightly red), Sudan III floated 31mL full cream milk + 5 drops of Sudan III2 layers of milk and Sudan III droplets formedSlightly pink milky solution formed 41mL distilled water + 5 drops of Sudan IIITransparent slightly red solution formedTransparent slightly red solution, small black precipitate formed 51mLdistilled water + 1mL cooking oil + 5 drops of Sudan III3 layers solution formed, Sudan III at the top while oil at the middle2 layers solution formed (slightly red), oil floated 61mL cooking oil + 5 drops of Sudan III2 layers of oil and Sudan III droplets formedSlightly orange solution formed Table 1 Questions: 1.What is the rational of Sudan III is used in this experiment? Sudan III in this experiment is used for staining lipids or fats. Sudan dyes are a group of lipid soluble solvent dyes called lysochromes. Sudan III also used to color the protein bound lipids in paraffin sections. 2.Which test tube is i.Positive control? Test tube 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 are positive control. ii.Negative control? Test tube 4 was negative control. 3.Describe the chemistry of liquid test using Sudan III. Sudan III is used to determine the presence of lipids. It will stain the fat cells red. Sudan III is usually using in lipid test. First, the liquid being test and water are filled to a test tube about half full. 3 drops of Sudan III are added to test tube and being shaken gently. There will form a red-stained oil layer separate out and float on the water surface due to the presence of fat. C.(i) Reducing sugar test Types of unknown milkObservation K1Orange precipitate is formed. K2Yellow-orange solution is formed. (ii) Protein test Types of unknown milkObservation K12 layers solution of darker slightly purple milky solution and white colour milk is formed. K2Slightly purple milky solution is formed. Discussion In the part A experiment, milk droplets of K1 and K2 are released into the copper (II) sulphate solution gently. After released, both of the droplets are not dissolved in it. The K1 droplet slowly sank in the copper (II) sulphate solution while K2 droplet slowly floated on the top of copper (II) sulphate solution due to the different density. The density of K1 was higher than the density of K2 and copper (II) sulphate solution while K2 was lower density than CuSO4 solution. This experiment is used to determine the fat contained in different types of milk by the movement of milk droplets in CuSO4 solution. The higher the density of milk, the lower the fat contained. The results showed that K1 contained less fat compared to K2. Therefore, K1 was low-fat milk while K2 was full cream milk. In the part B experiment, cooking oil, salad oil, full cream milk, and distilled water were mixed with Sudan III in different test tubes for determining the lipid. Lipids are insoluble in polar solvent s for example water and can dissolve in non-polar solvent. Lipids are less dense than water and will float on the surface of solution. Sudan III in this experiment was used to colour the lipids. It stained the fat cells to become red colour. If lipid was presented, Sudan III will stain it and form red-stained oil. In test tube 1, cooking oil floated on the water surface after being shaken. In test tube 2, slightly red solution being observed after shaken showed that salad oil contain lipids. In test tube 3, the white colour full cream milk became slightly pink milky solution after added with Sudan III due to the fat presented in it. In test tube 4, distilled water formed a transparent slightly red solution after Sudan III was added to it. Sudan III was dissolved in distilled water but water is always negative control because there are only H2O molecules in it. In test tube 5, 3 layers solution became 2 layers solution that cooking oil at the surface. Oil became slightly red and Sudan III dissolved in oil. Sudan III is much more soluble in oil than in distilled water, so the distilled water still clear after experime nt because of Sudan III was absorbed by the oil. The last test tube which is test tube 6, the observation was similar to test tube 2 but it formed slightly orange solution which also contained lipids. Test tube 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 stained red showed the presence of fat while test tube 4 was the only sample liquid that did not stained by Sudan III which fat absent. In reducing sugar test, Benedict’s reagent was used. Samples of milk, K1 and K2 became orange colour solution when tested with Benedict’s solution and heated. The observation showed that there was reducing sugar presented in both two milks. The solution added with Benedict’s reagent will change colour from green to red depend on the concentration of sugar provided. Before heating, K1 and K2 were bluish milky solution because added with blue colour Benedict’s solution. The colour of the milk changed during heating in the water bath. During the heating section, both of K1 and K2 were changed to green colour and finally orange colour solutions were formed. K1 produced darker colour of orange than K2 and precipitate formed in K1 showed that the sugar concentration of K1 was higher than K2. The biuret test is based on the ability of Cu (II) ions to form pink or purple colour when attached with peptide bonds in alkaline conditions. This was used to test protein in milk K1 and K2. In protein test, both of two samples of milk formed slightly purple milky solution as a result of reacting with potassium hydroxide and copper (II) sulphate solution in Biuret’s test. The solution turned purple in the end of experiment indicated that milk contained protein. After 0.5% copper sulphate solution added to K1, it became 2 layers solution of slightly purple milky solution at top and white colour milk at the bottom. The different concentration of protein can show by observing the different level of purple colour formed. The slightly purple colour formed in K1 was darker than K2 showed that higher protein concentration presented in K1. Precautions: 1.Released the drop of milk inside plastic pipette at the center of CuSO4 solution to avoid affection of movement of milk droplets in part A. 2.Shook the mixtures with Sudan III by using stopper as it is toxin. 3.Carried out the Biuret test for proteins at room temperature as it will cause negative results. 4.Added 0.5% copper sulphate solutions not exceed 10 drops as it will cause negative results. 5.Handled potassium hydroxide carefully as it is caustic. Washed affected area immediately if it contacted with the skin. Conclusion The experiment identified the major food components in different sample of milk. The part A experiment indicated that K2 milk sample contained more fat compare to K1 milk sample. K1 was low-fat milk while K2 was full cream milk. The part B experiment was conducted to determine the presence of lipid by adding Sudan (III) into different test tubes. Sudan III will stain it and form red-stained oil. The result showed that Test tube 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 contains fat while test tube 4 did not contain fat. When tested with Benedict’s reagent, K1 milk sample produced darker colour of orange than K2 milk sample and the precipitate formed in K1 showed that the sugar concentration of K1 was slightly higher than K2. K1 milk sample formed more slightly dark purple solution than K2 when conducted in Biuret’s test. Therefore, it can conclude that K1 contained more protein compare to K2. References Websites †¢The chemical constituents of living matter. 2009. Retrieved October 27, 2012 from: http://voices.yahoo.com/the-chemical-constituents-living-matter-3856864.html †¢Analysis of the Chemical Components of Milk. 2000. Retrieved October 27,2012 from: http://uncw.edu/chem/Courses/Reeves/OnLineLabs/NonScience/9-milk%20lab.pdf †¢Experiment 3: Identification Of Food Constituents In Milk. 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2012 from: http://www.markedbyteachers.com/as-and-a-level/science/experiment-3-identification-of-food-constituents-in-milk.html

Marketing Plan: Zara Essay

I. Executive Summary Zara is the largest retail company owned and run by Inditex, largest Spanish corporation and the world’s largest fashion group. The way Zara has runs its company is by following a vertical integrated operation that has the  advantage to shorten the time in making decisions. Inventories in the stores depend on the geographic area in which the store is located; and the way Zara does their marketing is by just displaying posters at stores and by their windows display. This approach to make business has work very well for Zara; they show an economic growth despite the strong crisis suffer in the United States. The problem that Zara faces is whether to update their existing software or to keep the current software but running in the misfortune that the only DOS supplier will cease to maintain the software. Several benefits and economical costs are described to observe either it would be a wise move or not. II. Situational Analysis III. Target Market Zara sells apparel, footwear and accessories for women, men and children. Product lines were segmented into these three categories, with further segmentation within the women’s line as it was considered the strongest out of the three, with an overwhelming majority of women in the target market (78%). Zara’s consumers are young, value conscious and highly sensitive to the latest fashion trends in the industry. An advantage that the brand has over conventional retailers is that they do not define and segment their target market by ages resulting in designs and styles that can reach a broader market. Zara offers cutting edge fashion at affordable prices by following the most up-to-date fashion trends and identifying consumers’ demand, and quickly getting the latest designs into stores. IV. Swot Analysis V. Marketing Objective and Goals â€Å"The original business idea was very simple. Link customer demand to manufacturing, and link manufacturing to distribution. That is the idea we still live by.† (Jose Maria Castellano Rios, Inditex CEO) Zara’s CEO and founder, Amancio Ortega, saw the great importance of having retailing and manufacturing closely together in the apparel industry and from his view; Zara was able to position itself as a company with vertical integration control system. It covers all phases of the fashion process: design, manufacture, logistics and distribution to its own managed stores. It is also characterized by their strong focus on their customers. Vision â€Å"ZARA is committed to satisfying the desires of our customers. As a result we pledge to continuously innovate our business to improve your experience. We promise to provide new designs made from quality materials that are affordable† Mission Statement​ â€Å"Through Zara’s business model, we aim to contribute to the sustainable development of society and that of the environment with which we interacts.† VI. Marketing Strategy and Tactics Competitive Advantage: Market-oriented Strategy Most of Zara’s designs are based on the latest trends and they are ever changing according to the immediate feedback from customers. Zara employs its service staff in listening to customers’ preferences and reacts very quickly to them. It is only a matter of weeks before the designs get altered, manufactured and restocked in the stores. If a design is largely unpopular, Zara will not hesitate to withdraw them from the shelves. Its global establishment also provides an extensive network of shopper-feedback which allows them to be ahead of competitors in spotting global fashion trends. Product: Fast Moving Fashion Zara prides itself on fast moving fashion with new designs restocked in limited quantity every two weeks. This encourages consumers to frequent the stores for new designs and to snap up interesting outfits on the spot in order to guarantee themselves a piece. This provides a sense of exclusivity to shoppers. Process: Industry Leader in Lead Time Creative teams consisting of designers, sourcing specialist and product development personnel, develop design collections. The teams work simultaneously on different clothing, building and improving on styles previously available. Zara’s designers are trained to limit the number of changes made by lowering the number of samples required, minimizing cost and turnover time. Its demand based production or Just-in-time (JIT) production reduces the amount of inventory available, lowering Zara’s storage cost. Zara’s outstanding lead time is unbeatable in the industry at the moment. Furthermore, Zara eliminated the traditional design process, where design and development overrides fabric procurement. In Zara, the design teams work with the available fabric, allowing for faster fashion. Price: Low Cost, High Fashion Zara believes in offering high fashion at a low cost. Prices range from $79.90 to $539.00 for both Womenswear and Menswear while the Kids segment has coats starting from $65.00 and these prices can start from $30 during a sale. Taking quality and cost into account, Zara prides itself in providing high fashion at an affordable cost, making its customers’ purchases value-worthy. Place: Prime Retail Locations Zara, like its competitor brands, is located in prime retail areas like Ion Orchard, Orchard Road, 313@Somerset where human traffic is high. As aforementioned, Zara invests in prime locations as they place great emphasis on the presentation of its storefronts. Zara also has an online store, which increases accessibility to its customers, allowing them to make purchases conveniently on the go. However, this function is currently not available to Singaporean customers. Promotion: Minimum Advertising Zara uses 0.3% of sales revenue on advertising, minimal when compared to its competitors (3-4% of sales revenue). Instead of relying on traditional mass-marketing mediums, Zara uses prime retail locations to attract its customers. It also ensures that storefronts and window displays are attractive and fresh to customers by making frequent changes to the items on display. The interior of the store is also clean and bright, with spacious  lanes in between racks. This provides a very comfortable shopping experience. Having a good image projection of the store is vital as this is Zara’s most effective marketing communications tool. When customers walk into a store, Zara wants to portray to customers that the latest fashion is always available. VII. Implementation and Control 1975-1995: Since its inception in 1975 till 1995 Zara has followed the method of inspection in order to keep a check on the quality of its products. Zara’s designing team has worked closely with customers and have spend their time in spotting the latest trends in demand. An instant sketch of the design has been analysed and the accordingly produced. The quality control teams at Zara inspected the designs before placing them in stores. M995 till date: After 1995 Zara has implemented the practice of Total Quality Management. In this practice Zara’s vertically integrated supply chain tries to achieve Continuous Improvement of their processes, which includes spotting of the fashion trends, designing, and procurement of their materials, the CAD technology they use for designing, their improved inventory management and finally their centralised logistics and distribution system. Each of the components of the supply chain process has been explained below. Implementation Effect iveness Zara choose to invest within its own software rather than buying new technology simply because the company’s operations were unique and commercial packages would not fit; also the fact that Zara is a global company, it deals with various currencies that standard accounting packaged would have to be extensively customized and comprehensive. Zara’s operating system, DOS, is obsolete from the market affecting the firm with no reliable system for future forecasting; â€Å"not keeping up any historical date means being unable to predict sells, plan or estimate loses/gains and margin on particular designs (Anonymous, n.d). Unreliable fax machines that were taking too long and costing too much to fax order forms back and forth to stores caused delays and frustration. The use of telephones is greatly affected by miscommunication and mishearing. From the above it can be deducted that Zara’s internally application is not a good match for the firm’s needs because: t heir internally developedapplications are not easy to  upgrade and are not compatible with other applications, POS terminals are outdated and stores need POS terminals that will insure no infrastructure problems and its IT department is relatively small for the size of the firm. Evaluation of IS Implementation In this case, Zara believes less is more and makes minimal use and investment in IT. The competitive advantage Zara has over its competitors is not so much due the use of IT, but because of its quick response to the changing market. Zara does not have a chief information officer or any formal process for setting an IT budget. Castellano estimated Inditex’s IT budget for 2002 was 0.5 % of the revenue, as compared to the 2% of the revenue of other North American retailers (McAfee et al., 2007). As there is no formal justification of IT efforts, there is also not any cost/benefit analysis. However, to maintain business competitiveness is the most important factor to consider when making any decision regarding the upgrade of IS. Zara needs to analyze and compare the Tangible (quantitative) costs and benefits as well as the Intangible (qualitative) costs and benefits of the old system and the new system.

Maturity in the Secret Life of Bees Essay

â€Å"One is not born but rather becomes a woman†- Simone De Beauvoir. In Sue Monk Kidd’s, The Secret Life of Bees, Lily Owens engages on a life changing expedition to make sense of her difficult predicament. Lily shows that she is a dynamic character as she matures in this coming of age novel. Lily portrays growth throughout the novel with her behavior with T. Ray, her prejudice view on the people who surround her, and her poor judgement about her mother. Lily, the protagonist in The Secret Life of Bees, drastically changes her behavior with T. Ray throughout the course of the novel. Although at first screams and argues with him, Lily soon transforms and has a talk with T. Ray in a polite manner. In the beginning, while speaking with T. ray about Rosaleen being in jail, an argument breaks out about her mother when T. Ray tries to hit her. Lily then shouts at him stating, â€Å"‘my mother will never let you touch me again! [ †¦] I hate you!’† T. Ray then gets angry and replies saying, â€Å"’you think that goddamn woman gave a shit about you? [†¦] The truth is, your sorry mother ran off and left you. The day she died, she’d come back and get her things, that’s all. You can hate me all you want, but she’s the one who left you† (38-39). As soon the fight is over, the words sink in and settle in Lily’s mind which she is now concerned and questioning her mother leaving her as a child which causes her to pack her things, rescue Rosaleen and runs away to Tiburon. Over a period of time that Lily spends there with the Boatwright sisters and Zach she matures. Although the scenario still lingers in her mind Lily continues to live her life. When T. Ray finally finds Lily, Lily invites him into the house and talks to him in a respectful way. T. Ray starts by saying, â€Å"’Well, well, well. Look who’s here.’† Lily then responds saying, â€Å"’won’t you come in? [†¦] have a seat if you want to’† (290). Lily’s demeanor towards her father is surely apparent than her past conversations with him. Even though it is evident that she would never go back home with him, she still shows him respect. Lily’s growth is proven through her modification in behavior towards her father. Throughout the novel, Lily experiences some hurtful thoughts about the people who take her in. Even though she has nothing against colored people, Lily thinks some prejudice thoughts about the Boatwright’s and Zach. After August shows Rosaleen and Lily where they are going to sleep, she starts to remember what T. Ray said about colored women and reveals her own thoughts: â€Å"T. Ray did not think colored women were smart. Since I wanted to tell the whole truth, which means the worst parts, I thought they could be smart, but not as smart as me, me being white. Lying on the cot in the honey house, though, all I could think was August is so intelligent, so cultured, and I was surprised by this. That’s what let me know I had some prejudice buried inside me. † (78) Lily is very shocked that she thinks this way about colored people and soon acknowledges her bias thoughts. Despite the fact that Lily may have noticed her prejudice act, she still continues down the same path without noticing. While hanging out with Zach on the grass, Zach tells Lily that he doesn’t have much of a future since he is a Negro and she tells him how doing sports is the only way he can be successful. She goes and says, â€Å"’well, you could play football for a college team and then be a professional player. ’† Zach then retorts and says, â€Å"’why is it sports is the only thing white people see us being successful at? I don’t want to play football, I wanna be a lawyer. ’† Lily then comes back again annoyed commenting, â€Å"’that’s fine with me, I’ve just never heard of a Negro lawyer, that’s all. You’ve got to hear of these things before you can imagine them’† (120-121). Lily’s prejudice ways are evident in her harsh comments towards Zach. Even though she says all those rude things, she accepts Zach’s choices and supports it. Lily’s maturity is portrayed through her acceptance of Zach’s choices and wish. While staying at the Boatwright’s, Lily continues to think about what T. Ray told her about her mother leaving her as a child. Lily makes some atrocious comments about her mother in spite of her leaving. While speaking with August after telling her that she’s Deborah’s daughter, she reveals to August how she hates her mother and how her mother never wanted her which August then tells her how T. Ray wanted to put her in Bull Street the mental institution. â€Å"’It was easy for her to leave me; because she never wanted me in the first place†¦ you should’ve let him put her in there. I wish she’d rotted in there’† (252) Obviously, Lily’s negative words and thought have clouded her true feelings about her mother. August soon convinces Lily about her mother leaving. Further into the conversation, August tells Lily that even though her mother left her, she came back for her the day she died which makes think: â€Å"T.  Ray had told me that she came back for her things. But she’d come back for me, too. She’d wanted to bring me here, to Tiburon, to August’s. If only we’d made it. I remember the sound of T. Ray’s boots on the stairs. I wanted to pound my fists against something, to scream at my mother for getting caught, for not packing faster, for not coming sooner. † (254) Lily soon realizes that her mother did love her and wanted to be with her even though she still blames her for not packing faster. Despite the fact that her mother did leave her in the beginning, she still loves her mother, even more now that she knows that she was coming back just for her. Lily’s growth is surely evident due to the fact that Lily had a deeper understanding of what happened the day her mother died and she changed her perspectives on her. The Boatwright sisters, Zach and Lily herself are ultimately the ones to acknowledge for her astonishing change in behavior, her conversion of perspective on the people who take her in, and her modification to her dreadful comments made about her mother which help her grow in many ways. The decisions she makes and paths she takes are influenced with the help from people who love her. In order to mature and gain an understanding, Lily goes Tiburon to seek her and her mother’s past, get a deeper understanding of why her mother left in the first place and change her view on things. It is apparent that people will do anything to get answers to complex questions that may be lingering in the minds, and on the way to getting their answers they experience growth, love and compassion and leave with a deep understanding.

Substance abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Substance abuse - Essay Example There are many ongoing debates in regards to this issue, and this is especially so in particular regards to that of the exact distinction between substance abuse and substance dependence; these are two totally separate issues however they are often confused or considered wrongly as being the same thing. In regards to be able to show a proper example of substance abuse, we will be discussing one movie in particular, 28 days. By thoroughly examining this movie and understanding about the environment, the characters, the situations take place, and all of the related issues in this regards we will be able to come to a much more critical and knowledgeable viewpoint in regards to what substance abuse actually is and what can be done about it. There are many critical issues that will be discussed using this film, and this is what will be dissertated in the following. 28 Days is a movie in which basically what happens is a big-city newspaper columnist is forced to enter a drug and alcohol rehabilitation center after stealing a limousine and crashing it into a house; the main character is Gwen Cummings who is played by Sandra Bullock, who is a Caucasian woman that ends up getting into a car crash on the day of her sister’s wedding, and she is then given a choice between either going to prison or going to a rehab center, and so she ends up choosing the rehab center. However, she is not exactly willing to admit that she has a problem with alcohol, and so at the beginning of the rehab center program she is quite negative and is extremely resistant in regards to taking part in any of the treatment programs that they have to offer. However, after a certain point she starts to realize that she does in fact have a problem, and that rather than simply using alcohol she does in fact have an addiction, and she then gradually begins to re-examine her life and she becomes willing to at least give it a try and get herself help and get better.

Harley Davidson Motor Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Managing a daily teaching schedule Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 7

Project Management - Essay Example However, one has to consider that this figure would be changed by U.S. figures after product launch, if that is still on the agenda. Since we have no cost figures, this question really cannot be answered in concrete terms with any semblance of accuracy. However, certain less tangible benefits are certainly present. The company has a great deal to learn from closely examining the whole process of development of this project. I would certainly recommend that a thorough post-mortem be done using a group created for that purpose composed of a team of experts in all phases of pharmaceutical project development, and that post-mortem be used to examine the current cancer drug development process for parallel problems before releasing that drug, even though there would be definite differences concerning the fault tolerance, since the purpose of this drug is to cure disease, a considerably higher level of need than mere pain relief. One should remember that while the end may justify the means, the opposite is also true. When the end does not carry a high level of justification, perhaps the means would be more carefully sc rutinized. The desired end in both projects, and all others in the industry is when all is said and done, profit. In order for any pharmaceutical to be profitable, the revenue must outweigh the cost of development and there is no evidence that this is yet so for Painfree. The Painfree Project suffered from several major problems caused by not following the best practices in project management. 1The best practices for project management require that careful planning be done and documented from the beginning, and one person should be responsible for overseeing and managing communications and documentation. The aims and scope of the project should be clearly outlined and all phases must be monitored by some individual or group responsible to corporate and not

Google glass Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Google glass - Essay Example In addition, new applications and updates to the operating system that were not available during the time of the launch make today’s Google Glass explorer edition a tempting thing to acquire and buy (Furlan, 2013). Google glass was made up by a facility within Google that is dedicated towards the direction of advancing the technology that cycle within the organization like the driverless cars. The facility that developed the technology is known as Google X. Google glass has been designed to be slimmer and smaller compared to the displays that have been circulated to the market by the company previously (Campesato, 2014). The prototype of the glass looked very similar to the standard eyeglasses with its lens being replaced by a heads-up display. In 2011, the company came up with a prototype of the Google glass that weighed around 3,600grams that was made to be lighter than the average sunglasses later in 2013. The explorer edition of the glass was produced and made available to the company’s I/O developers in the US for a price of 1,500 dollars (Furlan, 2013). There developed a partnership between Google and some Italian eyewear companies so that they could be provided with additional designs of glass frames. The Nepal Government in 2014 adopted Google glass in a move to bring solutions to the problem of poaching in the countrys national parks and reserves. The glass has also been used by the Gurkha military in tracking animals and birds in the forest that geared the latest development in the military venture (Campesato, 2014). Google glass is made up of flexible titanium headband that tends to remain durable as it stretches from one ear to the ear. The flexible band is combined with a covering that is made of plastic that covers the Glass’ major gears and it gives it a general clean outlook. Google glass is made up of a cube-shaped glass prism that is located just above the

Budgetary Control Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Budgetary Control - Assignment Example Accounting practices such as, budgetary control and performance management prevails within organizations and as such they are part of organization’s wider environment (Scott, 2001). The practice of budgetary control has the potential to create several ways of social and organizational functioning and this practice often goes through certain modifications in response to changes in organizational form and society (Hopwood, 1994). As a consequence of this, budgetary control and performance management practices are by no means stationary phenomena within organizations. These practices that change over time are not homogenous and can take a different shape in response to varying contents, places and times. The management accounting practice of budgetary control and its subsequent use in performance management and reporting are considered to be very important in current business environment (Fowler, 2008). The requirement to adopt such accounting techniques was a tenet in the 90s followed by majority of world organizations. The usage of budgetary control as an accounting practice has evolved since then, precisely because of its significant contribution in the field of organizational performance management (Stieglitz and Heine, 2007). In order to be able to critically evaluate the claim regarding use of budgetary control in performance management, the researcher will have to conduct a thorough review of empirical literatures, encompassing each and every aspect of budgetary control with an aim to establish a relationship between budgetary control and performance management. It is widely known that resources of an organization need to be efficiently and effectively managed in order to achieve organizational objectives. This implies that organizations must have the ability to achieve its objectives by adopting cost effective strategies. Thus, management of performance requires coordination and control of the efforts made by an

Virginia Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Virginia Marketing - Case Study Example This case study is about the Virginia Tourism Corporation which is considered as a creative and dynamic organisation taking the advantage of historical relevance and beauty of the Virginia state. The corporation is also considered as one of the most important organisations in Virginia State and has been continuously involved into the various important innovative techniques of doing business which has capitalized the way tourism business has been done in the country. Due to its romantic appeal, Virginia has remained a hot spot for the tourists and it is because of this reason that Virginia Corporation is engaged into delivering tourism services to the many tourists coming from around the world to visit the aesthetic beauty of the region. As discussed above that the marketing mix is a combination of various marketing tools of strategic nature which when combined produce the results which attempt to support the organisational goals and objectives. Marketing communication techniques are basically the tools which are used by the organisation's different departments i.e. marketing, product development etc to decide upon the various important parameters. For a service oriented organisation, it is very critical that the various elements of marketing communication mix fit together to achieve the maximum results. ... oduct could have on the mindset of the customer may not be achieved through offering a service therefore service oriented organisations have to travel extra mile to reach and delight their customers and deliver value to them through combination of excellent marketing communication techniques. For this purpose, organisations therefore need to be more proactive as well as innovative in their approach to deliver value to the customers. This is achieved through the use of various tools available such as pricing through innovative means, initiating promotional activities which ensure that more and more customers come to use your services, broadening the base of channels used to generate the sales as well as engaging into effective public relation efforts so that all elements when combined deliver value to the organisation's stakeholders as well as the customers. This work will attempt to study and analyse the marketing communication techniques adopted by the organization as its effort to better place itself strategically against the competition and deliver value to both its customers as well as stakeholders besides ensuring that the organisation hold highest ethical values and social responsibility while working in an strongly service oriented industry. Analysis of Virginia Tourism Corporation The case study provided for preparing the analysis of the various marketing communication techniques relate to the Virginia Tourism Corporation. Virginia due to its natural beauty as well as historical context is considered as one of the most popular tourist spots in the country. It is very important to discuss here some of the basic characteristics of the Virginia state before discussing the various marketing communication techniques adopted by the VTC. Before discussing what is

Malaria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Malaria - Essay Example According to statistics given by the Centers for Illness and Prevention, 1925 cases of malaria were detected. This constituted approximately 70% of the population that was affected. The 70% cases were from people who had tours to outside U.S predominantly West Africa and others from India. In U.S, only five cases were reported, and this was approximately 0.25% of the population. Of the five cases reported, one was as a result of blood transfusion, another one from a lab accident, one from a traveler and the remaining two cases from born children whose mother had traveled. Yes, there has been historical case of malaria in the U.S. Back in the year 1930’s, malaria was endemic and concentrated in the 13 states of America. For instance, in the year 1933, malaria had prevailed approximately 30% of the population in the Tennessee River Valley. Another instance of malaria outbreak was recorded in the year 1942, this was during the World War II. Malaria cases were heavily recorded in military base camps. The disease was handled and controlled. Programs like the National Malaria Eradication Program (NMEP) and centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), were initiated in the year 1947 and 1946 respectively, to suppress and help in the eradication of malaria. Preventive measures like spraying of insecticides, DDT, and application of the same to the interior walls of the houses, were used to thwart spreading of malaria. The goals and objectives of the public education plane to control malaria were as follows. One, educate the community about transmission and the causative agent of malaria. Two, provide methods and ways of reducing the spread of disease, in case there is an outbreak (Speybroeck, 2011). Three, give ways in which people can prevent malaria and eradicate it from their vicinities. Four, educate the public on the various organizations that have been established

Shoe Horn Essay Essay Example for Free

Shoe Horn Essay Essay The use of distinctively visual elements allows responders to interpret and create meaning from otherwise complex concepts. John Misto’s play ‘The Shoe Horn Sonata’ and Mike Subritzky’s poem ‘Sister’ both challenges the audience’s interpretation of the traumatic experiences of war. Through a range of distinctly visual techniques both composers help create an understanding of the power of time and the human spirit as overcoming adversity of war. As Misto’s The Shoe Horn Sonata develops, the distinctly visual stage positioning of Bridie and Sheila changes to demonstrate how the protagonists’ friendship strengthens over time. Initially Bridie and Sheila are seated at a distance for each other, demonstrating the need for them to reveal their stories as a way of overcoming the metaphorical barriers created by the war. Whilst this metaphorical barrier creates a tone of tension, during their reconciliation a contrast in characterisation occurs. The protagonists now hold hands and sit beside each other on stage. This contrasts creates a shift in tone from one of dissonance to one of hope and friendship. Misto’s use of juxtaposed distinctively visual stage positioning allows the audience to recognise that time has allowed the protagonists to resolve their relationship flaws, and therefore shows how their relationship has changed over time from one of incongruence to one of togetherness. Despite the growth in Bridie and Sheila’s relationship however distinctively visual projected imagery is used to portray that while time can help heal bad experiences, it cannot completely erase these memories. Through strategic stage positioning, Misto places Sheila beneath projected images of â€Å"Starving male prisoners† as â€Å"she does some of kind of needlework with great intensity†. By positioning such distinctive and confronting images above Sheila, Misto shows that even when doing simple tasks such as needlework, the memories of war will always remain at the fore of the protagonists’ minds. This positioning acts as a metaphor for the great impact of the war and the difficulty in erasing these memories. This helps responders understand the protagonist’s difficulties in connecting with each other and their world. Misto’s utilisation of the recurring motif of music demonstrates the poetic and admirable friendship and bond these women have created and the power this bond has had in helping them to overcome the atrocities of the war. Music imagery is also reflected in the plays title ‘Sonata’, which evokes connotations of dual courage, strength and faith, rising as one to overcome past atrocities. The ‘Sonata’ acts as a symbolic metaphor for both Bridie and Sheila, their friendship, and how that relationship has allowed them to overcome their past wartime experiences, whilst reconciling in the present. The use of such powerful and distinctive visual imagery therefore creates awareness of the atrocities of war and helps responders’ honour people who endured such atrocities. The power of the human spirit in times of war is also addressed in Mike Subritzky’s Poem Sister. Distinctively visual repetition and personification help responders understand the violence and bloodshed of the Vietnam War. Repetition of blood imagery in â€Å"Bloodied, broken bodies†¦Bloody combat gear’ alludes to the prevalence of death during the War, thereby allowing the responder to better understand the feelings of helplessness and misery faced by wounded soldiers. The strength of humanity is symbolised in the characterisation of the nurse who acts as the vehicle of hope to the dying soldiers. The nurse comes to be a visual symbol of courage and hope throughout the poem. When juxtaposed against the imagery of death and dying soldiers – â€Å"Young lives ebbed away† Subritzky creates a sense of hope for humanity in their most extreme hour. Furthermore, by hyperbolising the loss of hope in â€Å"I kept the faith when even hope was lost† th e nurse is depicted as being the guiding light and life force for soldiers close to death. By highlighting the humility and selflessness of the nurse, responders become aware of the strength of the human spirit in times of hardship and its ability to make easier very difficult situations. Much like the preceding texts Guo Jian’s painting ‘The day before I went away’ alludes to the atrocities of war, although does so in a satirical way. Through the use of distinctively visual heightened colour and flat surface painting technique, the smiling faced captures the attention of the responder to convey the illusion that the military is a joyful experience  created by Chinese propaganda. The juxtaposed characterisation between the glamorous singer in the foreground and grinning soldiers in the background who are set before a looming tank depicts that although propaganda had the initial feel of ‘inviting’ the reality of war is backgrounded and hidden. The salient feature of the image is the glamorous singer, who is toned lighter than the rest of the picture, creating a tone of innocence. She has an outstretched hand, grasping onto the responder of the poster and pulling them into the military. Through distinctively visual elements we as the r esponder become privy to the falsity of wartime propaganda. The illusion of soldiers happiness when serving their country is contrasted against the harsh reality of the dangers of war symbolised in the thank trapped within the brinks of the painting, as a symbol of their sound and government constraints from which they are unable to escape without falling into dishonour.

Surface Water And Groundwater

Surface Water And Groundwater The hydrological cycle describes the continuous movement of water above, on, and below the surface of the earth. The water on the Earths surface surface water occurs as streams, lakes, rivers as well as bays and wetlands. The water below the surface of the Earth primarily is ground water, but it also includes soil water (Sphocleous, 2000). Interactions between groundwater and surface water play a critical role in the functioning of riparian ecosystems. These interactions can have significant implications for both water quantity and quality. Identifying potential exchange of water between the aquifer and stream channel has therefore been investigated by many researchers using a variety of methods (USGS Ground Water Information, 2008). Assessing groundwater-surface water interactions is often complex and difficult. There are many factors which influence groundwater-surface water interactions such as river bed characteristics, geology, geomorphology and climate. In general a number of methods have been used to ascertain the nature of groundwater surface water interactions across different catchments. These methods include several tracers used to identify the exchange of surface and groundwater, such as heat, ion chemistry, isotopes and viruses. Potential surface aquifer interactions have also been quantified using remote sensing and models (USGS, 2008; Kalbus et al, 2006). The purpose of this essay is to review the various techniques used to determine groundwater and surface water interactions and their importance whilst encompassing significant case studies from around the world and within Australia. Discussion Surface water and groundwater (GW-SW) have long been considered separate entities, and have been investigated individually. Although chemical, biological and physical properties of surface water and groundwater are indeed different, they are not isolated components of the hydrologic system, but instead interact in a variety of physiographic and climatic landscapes. Therefore development or contamination of one commonly affects the other (Kalbus et al, 2006). To understand GW-SW interactions, it is necessary to understand the effects of the hydrogeological environment on GW flow systems, that is the effects of topography, geology, and climate as these factors are the major influences on the type of techniques use to determine GW-SW interactions (see figures 1, 2 3) (USGS, 2008). Figure 1. Groundwater seepage into surface water Figure 2. Subaqueous springs resulting from ground water flow through highly permeable sediments (USGS, 2008) (USGS, 2008) Figure 3. Ground-water flow paths vary greatly in length, depth and travel time from points of recharge to points of discharge in the ground-water system (USGS, 2008) Many studies of GW-SW interactions involve the use of more than one technique in attempting to determine nature of exchanges. Environmental tracers are naturally occurring dissolved constituents, or physical properties of water that can be used to track water movement through water sheds. Often tracers such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), conservative and non-conservative ions, stable and radio-isotopes can be coupled with piezometric monitoring and computer modelling to aid in determining the movement and character of GW or SW (Hohener et al, 2003). CFCs are synthetic halogenated volatile organic compounds that have been manufactured since 1930 and can be detected analytically in water in small concentrations. Previous review articles have occasionally summarised the use of CFCs as tracers for dating pristine groundwater as a failure due to local CFC contamination in excess of the equilibrium with modern air. However, CFCs do provide hydrogeological tracers and dating tools for young groundwater on a time-scale of 50 years (Hohener et al, 2003). Since the mid 1970s, CFCs have been used routinely by hydrologists and various disciplines, for dating and tracing water masses. Using gas chromatographs and electron capture detectors, analytical methods for CFCs in water with detection limits for some particular CFCs, have been developed. Generally, the presence of detectable concentrations of CFCs in groundwater indicates recharge after the late 1940s, or mixing of older water with younger water. Groundwater samples with CFC concentrations between the analytical detection limit and the equilibrium with atmospheric concentrations at recharge temperature can potentially be used for age-dating. The use of CFCs dating techniques allows hydrologists and scientists alike to determine groundwater recharge and mixing aiding in detecting GW-SW interactions (Hohener et al, 2003; Schilling et al, 2010). Researchers utilize a wide variety of conservative and non-conservative tracers for hydrological studies. In addition, stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen, which are part of the water molecule, are used to determine the mixing of waters from different sources (USGS, 2008; Rodgers et al, 2004). This is successful because of the differences in the isotopic composition of precipitation among recharge areas, the changes in the isotoic composition of shallow subsurface water caused by evaporation and temporal variability in the isotopic composition of precipitation relative to groundwater. For example, 87Sr/86Sr ratios can be used to distinguish between groundwater discharge and surface mixing. Strontium isotopes used in combination with more conventional tracers such as deuterium and 18O have helped to establish the sources of differing groundwater types entering lakes (Rodgers et al, 2004). Radioactive isotopes are useful indicators for the amount of time that water has spent in the groundwater system. Deuterium and 18O have been used together with both radioactive tracers (3H/3He) and other non-conventional tracers like rare earth elements (REEs) to determine groundwater inflow and outflow from large lakes such as East African Rift Valley lakes (Ojiambo et al., in review). Lyons et al. (1998) also have used sources of both radioactive (36Cl) and non-radioactive (37Cl) tracers to ascertain sources of solutes for Antarctic lake systems (Lyons et al, 1998). Another useful indicator is 222Radon which is a chemically inert radioactive gas that has a half-life of only 3-4 days. It is produced naturally in groundwater as a product of the radioactive decay of 226radium in uranium-bearing rocks and sediments (Lyons et al, 1998). Several studies have documented that radon can be used to identify locations of significant groundwater input into a stream, such as from springs. In France a study was conducted where radon was used to determine stream-water loss to groundwater as a result of ground-water withdrawals (USGS, 2008). As shown in figure 4, sharp changes in chemical concentrations were detected over short distances as water from the Lot River in France moved into its contiguous alluvial aquifer in response to pumping from a well. An environmental tracer was used to determine the extent of mixing of surface water with ground water, and radon was used to determine the inflow rate of stream water. Then the rate at which dissolved metals reacted to form solid phase during movement of stream water toward the pumping well could be calculated (USGS, 2008). Conservative and non-conservative ions as tracers can also be used to parameterize groundwater models as well as to calculate the age and recharge location of ground waters. This can be done by directly introducing 3H in a groundwater system to determine groundwater flow paths which assists in the model parameterization coupled with the use of deuterium, 18O, 3H/3He ratios, and the recently developed 4He in-growth technique to guide parameterization of a groundwater model of a regional aquifer (Sophocleous, 2000). Familiarity with the use and limitations of numerous conservative and non-conservative tracers to ground water and surface water environments is an important component with potential applications of these techniques, GW-SW interactions can be inferred (Sphocleous, 2000; Schilling et al, 2010). In Australia, the transport of saline groundwater from local and regional aquifers to the lower River Murray is thought to be influenced by lagoons and wetlands present in adjacent floodplains. In the study by Banks et al, (2009), interactions between a saline lagoon and semi-confined aquifer at a floodplain on the River Murray were studied using hydrogeological techniques and environmental tracers (Cl-, ÃŽÂ ´2H and ÃŽÂ ´18O) (Banks et al, 2009). The results showed using piezometric surface monitoring that the lagoon acted as a flow-through system intercepting local and regional groundwater flow. The mass balance was determined using chloride, and showed that approximately 70% of the lagoons winter volume was lost due to evaporation. Next a stable isotope mass balance was used to estimate leakage from the lagoon to the underlying aquifer. This showed that approximately 0-38% of the total groundwater inflow into the lagoon was lost to leakage, as opposed to 62-100% groundwater inflow which was lost to evaporation (Banks et al, 2009). Through the use of piezometric surface monitoring and tracers, Banks et al, (2009), were able to determine GW-SW interactions. This allowed them to conclude that the floodplain wetland behaved as groundwater flow-through systems, intercepting groundwater discharge, concentrating it and eventually recharging more saline water to the floodplain aquifer. Being able to trace, determine and understand GW-SW interactions such as those presented here, ultimately benefits effective management of salinity in Australia (Banks et al, 2005). Further studies of the Murray River and the Murray Basin have concluded that salinity could also be contributed to by flow regulation and water diversion for irrigation as this could considerably impact the exchange of surface water between the Murray River and its floodplains (Allison et al, 1990; Lamontage et al, 2005). Through use of piezometric surface monitoring and environmental tracers (Cl-, ÃŽÂ ´2H and ÃŽÂ ´18O), Lamontagne et al, was able to conclude that Murray River was losing under low flow conditions. Environmental tracer data suggested that the origin of groundwater is principally bank recharge in the riparian zone and a combination of diffuse rainfall recharge elsewhere on the flood plain. This information was critical in deciphering that bank discharge occurred during some flood recession periods and understanding that the way in which the water table responded to changes in river level was a function of the type of stream bank present (Lamontage et al, 2005). In the Western Murray basin, the clearing of native vegetation in a semi-arid region of southern Australia is thought to have lead to increases in Groundwater recharge. Unsaturated zone chloride and matric suction profile estimates suggest there is a significant time delay in aquifer response to pre and post clearing recharge (Allison et al, 1990). Predictions of the time delay lag in aquifer response have been verified using bore hydrographs. The results show that in some areas of light soil and shallow water table the water is now rising, however in other areas of heavy soil the water is not yet beginning to rise. The effects of increased recharge on the salinity of the River Murray, a major water resource, have been predicted that the salinity of the river will increase about 1Â µS cm -1 year -1 over the next 50 years. These results show the crucial role hydrological analysis and environmental tracers play in major resource management throughout Australia and potentially the worl d (Allison et al, 1990). Conclusion Groundwater and Surface water are not isolated components of the hydrological system and therefore should not be studied or managed as such. There are many factors which influence and control both GW and SW flow paths and interactions within the hydrological cycle. Through use of monitoring systems, modelling, and environmental tracers a better understanding of the complex interactions between GW-SW can be gained. Although further study is needed and techniques can be improved upon, it is through a better understand of the hydrological cycle and its complex interactions that more appropriate management plans can be made to ensure the resource is available to all in the future.

Zara Competitive Advantage Essay

Zara Competitive Advantage Essay There is a tough competition in clothing retailers. Who has a competitive advantage in clothing retailing will be the winner. Competitive Advantage refers to a companys profit and market share. Offshore supply is one of the processes, which is used generally by clothing retailers to accomplish low labour cost, as the apparel industry is still labour concentrated industry. The supply chain in the apparel industry is compound and lengthy. Barbee and Carlyle (1999,p.85-87) states that the supply chain encompasses all activities associated with the flow and manufacturing of goods, from raw material stage through to the end user, as well as associated information flow. The longer the supply chain the additional complicated it is to handle and the more a company relay on long-range forecasts. Challenging consumers and competitive retailing have produced stress to take action with multiple refreshes per season. The focal point is on replenishment of the exact styles, designs and colors that are selling well, whilst reducing, changing or abandoning those that turn out to be less popular than forecast. This decreases the difficulty of marking down the price of less popular clothing that fails to sell in the forecasted volumes. This trend, when taken to the extreme of compressing design times, multiple refreshes, coupled with very quick response from the supply base, and all done at low cost, describes the so-called Fast Fashion market.( Nebahat Tokatli,2007) Solomon and Robolt(2004) define Fashion as a style that is acknowledged by a great group of people at the given time. They also separate fashion into four catalogues: High Fashion (Couture) Moderate Fashion Budget Fashion Mass Fashion Fashion Life cycle contains the introduction acceptance, culmination and decline of the acceptance of a certain style. The Fashion cycle is not meant for long time, it changes in very short period. It is not compulsory that to introduce fashion and try to encourage consumers buying behavior before the decline stage is very important Fast Fashion as a conception helps to take the market and attract consumer earlier than other competitor by dropping the lead-time in supply chain. CONCEPT OF FAST FASHION: The techniques companies put into practice to reduce the time gap between designing the product and the time of consumption, through product and moving away from the considered seasonal basis called Fast Fashion. It examined that the expansion of fast fashion formulas become visible indicative from a production-driven market to a market-driven characterization of the apparel sector. It is not compulsory that fast fashion is a multipart process, which involves forecast, design, effective supply chain and transportation. Best Practice as the aptitude to do things in the well-organized manner. In other words it is a way of bring about a business function or process that is well thought-out to be greater to all other known methods (Kurian,2004). From past few years, organization attempted to build up their own supply chain strategies to continue to exist in such a ferociously competitive market. There are some organizations who come up with new concepts, which help them to gain competiti ve advantages over the rest of its competitors, such as Vendor Managed Inventory, Quick Respond manufacturing, Collaborative panning, Forecasting and Replenishment, Continuous Replenishment, Efficient Consumer Response, and Just-in Time Production. It recommended that a few particular best practices relating to the study of fast fashion are: Consumer Demand and Response Supply Chain Just In Time Quick Respond Forecasting and Continuous Replenishment Effective Distribution and Transport System In recent times, Zara, a most important international clothing retailer and break new ground of fast fashion principles, held in reserve almost half of its production in Spain and Portugal, earning the reputation of being one of the exceptions to globalization. Since the 1980s, the subsistence of such exceptions has been fueling an expectation that the manufacture of high-quality fashion garments and tailored suits would stay behind in the industrialized core. Here I return to this anticipation in the brightness of the modern seminal change in the culture of fashion from ready-to-wear to fast fashion, and description that the greater than before multiplicity and fashion capability associated with fast fashion, represented by Zara, have tilted the steadiness of competitive advantage towards, rather than away from, firms in partially industrialized countries. As a number of supplier firms in countries such as Morocco, India and Turkey have gained the competence to manufacture intricate ly worked high-quality garments with the compulsory elasticity and speed, Zara has turned to sourcing from these countries. ZARA The clothing sector is fundamental to the world economy. HISTORY Zara is subsidiary of Inditex group Spanish tycoon Amancio Ortega, owns the Inditex group and Inditex group owns the following brands such as Massimo Dutti, Pull and Bear, Oysho, Uterqà ¼e, Stradivarius and Bershka. Amancio Ortega is well known Galician fashion designer. According to Forbes ranking in 2009 Amancio Ortega was ranked as 10th richest man in world and top Ranked as a richest man in Spain. He was born on March 28, 1936 in Leon, Spain. He started working as delivery boy when he was 13 year old for a shirt-maker in Galicia. During the learning period of his carrier, he realize and learned the how product and cost changes. While travelling from manufacturer to the customer. In addition, the outcome was he become more focused on the importance of getting product directly to the consumer without middle man. When he become manager of local clothing company that time he found that only wealthy individuals could afford to purchase qualitative product. Therefore, Ortega started manufacturing his own product. He started buying cheaper fabric and selling good quality. Amancio Ortega founded his own company called Confecciones Goa at the age of 27, in 1963. Especially for fine bathrobes. After that, he continued manufacturing his own companies, then open first retail shop in 1975 known as Zara. ZARA started changing the design, manufacturing and distribution process to reduce lead times and react to new trends in a quicker way that was there plus point, called instant fashions. (Chiara Pirone,2010) Product Life Cycle The product life cycle ideally follows four main steps: Birth Growth Maturity Decline Generally, a typical Product Life Cycle Curve looks like the one given in the diagram where Sales decreases as the product moves over the time line. Zaras product life cycle also follows the four basic steps but the timeline of the product in the life cycle is very different. The organization operates in fashion industry and the changes pertaining to consumers taste is very high. Therefore, the life of the trend or design is of maximum 5-6 weeks. The following figure depicts the Zaras product life cycle. Key Factors of Success The organization focuses on following factors which are their success factors: They have short lead time i.e. the clothes stay in the store for less time which in turn provides them opportunity with more and more fashionable clothes. They manufacture clothes in low quantity and supply them scarcely which clearly states that the demand for the clothes is always high. Due to short lead time they can manufacture variety of choices, variety of styles and the success ratio increases. RATE OF PRODUCT CHANGES IN FAST FASHION FOR EXAMPLE ZARA: Zara can move from recognizing a trend to including clothes in its stores within 30 days, it means that Zara can identify and catch fashion trend. Catching fashion until the time it is hot is a clear happening at full prices and less discounts. Zara progresses in stair with its customers. Zaras machinery can respond to the statement right away and 51produce a response in conditions of a new style or a modification within 2-4 weeks. By dropping the amount manufactured in each style, Zara decreases its exposure to any particular product. The additional advantage of lower quantities is that if a style does not work well, there wills minimum stock to disposed during the season-end sale. Zara discounts only about 18% of its making, approximately half the levels of competitors. Instead of additional quantities per style, Zara produces extra styles, roughly 12,000 a year. So, that style sells out more fast and there are more new styles which are already waiting to come out. Re-orders are un usual the stores look fresh every 3-4 days. Fresh manufacture, moving in step with the fashion trend and updated regularly the ingredients are just right to create the sweet smell of success. Fast Fashion strategy in Zara: Zara typically has three sections women wear, men wear and kids wear. Most of its stores were located on downtown in big cities and were characterized by large windows with modest fittings. The company position itself as contemporary fashion of medium quality at a good price(Dandrea and Arnold,2002). In order to take extra market shares in such a full of rivalry situation, Zara introduced sequential policy of way of products: Convert latest fashion into products quickly and completely in order to satisfy consumers. Zara gets a competitive advantage by offering customer stylish clothes at inexpensive prices. A team of 200 designers is accountable for turning the latest fashion into products. The collection was converted every year with 11,000 dissimilar items. In order to collect the latest fashion information, the company employed a team of trend-spotters, who travel around the world in search of new designs (Dandrea and Arnold,2002). Thus, Zaras products are suitable for consumers vary different background and taste. Continue to introduction new products in small quantities, ironically in very high speed. New products were trialed at certain stores before entering full-run production to keep failures in the full range at a rate of 1 %( Dandrea and Arnold,2002). Reduce the usual cost associated with running out of any particular item. Because the company believes that empty racks do not drive customers to other stores while stimulating them to choose from new things. Furthermore, consumers will buy more and immediately due to rapidly changing trends. As a result, Zara has increased sales and avoided costly overproduction. Zara would plan a core collection each season, constituting approximately 50% of its forecast requirements. The remaining 50%, some 10,000 items, were sourced opportunistically according to demand trends during the season and could be at any store in two weeks. Some accessories such as handbags, jewelry, shoes, thus increasing sales. CONCLUSION Zara has up and down integrated all its processes. By applying a fast fashion strategy, Zara have accomplished a unexpected increase in profits and market share. By accept the fast fashion strategy the company has been able to decrease its make down sale to 15 to 20%. In contrast, the traditional industrys average is 30 to 40%. It has been examined to be the best way to help organization achieve competitive advantages. Such best performs help Zara establish an extraordinary supply chain and become the leader of in supply chain management. The practice of implementation of fast fashion has a few advantages Quick response, reduced account and forecasting, errors, shortened lead times and reduced transportation costs. In few years, as other main competitors such as GAP, HM , Marks Spencer (MS) have experienced a difficult period due to low income and with drawls from overseas markets, Zara has maintained a continual growth in sales.

Does Young Goodman Brown Achieve Goodness? Essay -- Young Goodman Brow

Does Young Goodman Brown Achieve Goodness?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nathaniel Hawthorne often emphasizes the ambiguous nature of sin, that good and evil do not exist in parallel with each other but at many times intersect with each other in his fiction. In "Young Goodman Brown," Hawthorne applies what he believes is the virtue of recognizing cosmic irony of taking into account the contradictions inherent in the human condition, to his portrayal of Young Goodman Brown. According to Hawthorne's view, Browns failure to recognize the inherent sinfulness in himself as well as the rest of humanity, results, not in a rewarding life of reveling in righteousness, but in isolation and obscurity. Hawthorne juxtaposes the village of Salem, Massachusetts in the early 1690's, where doctrinal law and Puritan theology rule, with the mystical forest where evil and the supernatural reside to symbolically represent Brown's own misguided perception of the mutual exclusivity of good and evil. Brown connects the world of goodness with his wife Faith, who he believes he is leaving behind in the village while he makes his journey into the wilderness. He describes her as a "blessed angel on earth" to whom he vows to return "after this one night I'll cling to her skirts forever and follow her to heaven"(65, 65). Brown's characterization of Faith indicates that he believes he can travel between the world of sin and the world of goodness and remain unscathed or unchanged by the experience. However, Hawthorne creates the conflict of the ambiguous nature of sin in humanity for Brown with certain key symbols. For instance, Hawthorne uses Faith's pink ribbons, to symbolize the notion that although the world of the village is supposed to be that of goodness and purit... ...able fact that sin is a part of human nature. The inability of Brown and Hilda to recognize Hawthorne's concept that humanity resides not on either the side of evil or the side of virtue, but somewhere in between the two where one can acknowledge one's own sinfulness as well as the sins of humanity, but one can also feel compassion for ones fellow human beings despite the sin, is what causes their weakness. Young Goodman Brown, by not noticing the nature of Faith's pink ribbons and Hilda, by looking at "humanity with angel eyes"(55) rather than with the eyes of a woman, both sacrifice the compassion which would allow them to make meaningful and satisfying connections with their fellow human beings. Works Cited: Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Julia Reidhead. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 1998.

Why the United States dropped the Atomic Bomb :: American America History

Why the United States dropped the Atomic Bomb The atomic bomb is the subject of much controversy. Since its first detonation in 1945, the entire world has heard the aftershocks of that blast. Issues concerning Nuclear Weapons sparked the Cold War. We also have the atomic bomb to thank for our relative peace in this time due to the fear of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD). The effects of the atomic bomb might not have been the exact effects that the United States was looking for when they dropped Little Boy and Fat Man on Hiroshima and Nagasaki respectively (Grant, 1998). The original desire of the United States government when they dropped Little Boy and Fat Man on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was not, in fact, the one more commonly known: that the two nuclear devices dropped upon Hiroshima and Nagasaki were detonated with the intention of bringing an end to the war with Japan, but instead to intimidate the Soviet Union. The fact of Japan's imminent defeat, the undeniable truth that relations with Russia were deteriorating, and comp etition for the division of Europe prove this without question. Admittedly, dropping the atomic bomb was a major factor in Japan's decision to accept the terms laid out at the Potsdam agreement otherwise known as unconditional surrender. The fact must be pointed out, however, that Japan had already been virtually defeated. (McInnis, 1945) Though the public did not know this, the allies, in fact, did. Through spies, they had learned that both Japan's foreign minister, Shigenori Togo and Emperor Hirohito both supported an end to the war (Grant, 1998). Even if they believed such reports to be false or inaccurate, the leaders of the United States also knew Japan's situation to be hopeless. Their casualties in defending the doomed island of Okinawa were a staggering 110,000 and the naval blockade which the allies had enforced whittled trade down to almost nothing. Japan was quickly on the path to destruction. (Grant, 1998). Of course, the Allies ignored this for the reason that dropping the atomic bomb on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki would intimidate Russia. Had they truly been considering saving more lives and bringing a quick end to the war in Japan, they would have simply waited them out without the major loss of life seen at both Hiroshima and Nagasaki. At the Yalta conference, Franklin Delano Roosevelt asked Josef Stalin for Russian support in the war with Japan.

Contradictory Characterisations of Women in Shakespeares Othello Essay

Contradictory Characterisations of Women in Shakespeare's Othello    Othello opens with a discussion between two men concerning the fate of a very beautiful woman named Desdemona. One of the men is distraught, having tried to win her love but miserably failed, and the other agrees that she is quite a prize. A prize is not just a name for Desdemona, as her humanity is lost somewhere along the way and she ceases to be anything but a prize to be won. Both men are angry and want to seek revenge against the man who won her, slandering Desdemona’s name in the process. Their superior and rival, the man who won Desdemona, is none other than Othello. Othello has proven the two men inferior, obtaining what they could not. The two other mistreated women in the play are Emilia and Bianca, all three viewed as nothing more than objects of lust.   Desdemona was born from a high-class Venetian family; Emilia is a servant; Bianca is a â€Å"whore,† incidentally a word that Desdemona refuses to use. Although they all belong to completely different classes, they are all abused by men and become the objects of their sex... ...rk: Penguin Books, 1968. Neely, Carol. "Women and Men in Othello" Critical Essays on Shakespeare's Othello. Ed. Anthony G. Barthelemy Pub. Macmillan New York, NY 1994. (page 68-90) Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos. Wayne, Valerie. â€Å"Historical Differences: Misogyny and Othello.† The Matter of Difference: Materialist Feminist Criticism of Shakespeare. Ed Valerie Wayne. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991.

Deception Point Page 24

In that same edition, paleobiologist Stephen Jay Gould summed up the problems with ALH84001 by pointing out that the evidence in it was chemical and inferential, rather than â€Å"solid,† like an unambiguous bone or shell. Now, however, Rachel realized NASA had found irrefutable proof. No skeptical scientist could possibly step forward and question these fossils. NASA was no longer touting blurry, enlarged photos of alleged microscopic bacteria-they were offering up real meteorite samples where bio-organisms visible to the naked eye had been embedded in the stone. Foot-long lice! Rachel had to laugh when she realized she'd been a childhood fan of a song by David Bowie that referred to â€Å"spiders from Mars.† Few would have guessed how close the androgynous British pop star would come to foreseeing astrobiology's greatest moment. As the distant strains of the song ran through Rachel's mind, Corky hurried up behind her. â€Å"Has Mike bragged about his documentary yet?† Rachel replied, â€Å"No, but I'd love to hear about it.† Corky slapped Tolland on the back. â€Å"Go for it, big boy. Tell her why the President decided that the most important moment in science history should be handed over to a snorkeling TV star.† Tolland groaned. â€Å"Corky, if you don't mind?† â€Å"Fine, I'll explain,† Corky said, prying his way in between them. â€Å"As you probably know, Ms. Sexton, the President will be giving a press conference tonight to tell the world about the meteorite. Because the vast majority of the world is made up of half-wits, the President asked Mike to come onboard and dumb everything down for them.† â€Å"Thanks, Corky,† Tolland said. â€Å"Very nice.† He looked at Rachel. â€Å"What Corky's trying to say is that because there's so much scientific data to convey, the President thought a short visual documentary about the meteorite might help make the information more accessible to mainstream America, many of whom, oddly, don't have advanced degrees in astrophysics.† â€Å"Did you know,† Corky said to Rachel, â€Å"that I've just learned our nation's President is a closet fan of Amazing Seas?† He shook his head in mock disgust. â€Å"Zach Herney-the ruler of the free world-has his secretary tape Mike's program so he can decompress after a long day.† Tolland shrugged. â€Å"The man's got taste, what can I say?† Rachel was now starting to realize just how masterful the President's plan was. Politics was a media game, and Rachel could already imagine the enthusiasm and scientific credibility the face of Michael Tolland on-screen would bring to the press conference. Zach Herney had recruited the ideal man to endorse his little NASA coup. Skeptics would be hard-pressed to challenge the President's data if it came from the nation's top television science personality as well as several respected civilian scientists. Corky said, â€Å"Mike's already taken video depositions from all of us civilians for his documentary, as well as from most of the top NASA specialists. And I'll bet my National Medal that you're next on his list.† Rachel turned and eyed him. â€Å"Me? What are you talking about? I have no credentials. I'm an intelligence liaison.† â€Å"Then why did the President send you up here?† â€Å"He hasn't told me yet.† An amused grin crossed Corky's lips. â€Å"You're a White House intelligence liaison who deals in clarification and authentication of data, right?† â€Å"Yes, but nothing scientific.† â€Å"And you're the daughter of the man who built a campaign around criticizing the money NASA has wasted in space?† Rachel could hear it coming. â€Å"You have to admit, Ms. Sexton,† Ming chimed in, â€Å"a deposition from you would give this documentary a whole new dimension of credibility. If the President sent you up here, he must want you to participate somehow.† Rachel again flashed on William Pickering's concern that she was being used. Tolland checked his watch. â€Å"We should probably head over,† he said, motioning toward the center of the habisphere. â€Å"They should be getting close.† â€Å"Close to what?† Rachel asked. â€Å"Extraction time. NASA is bringing the meteorite to the surface. It should be up any time now.† Rachel was stunned. â€Å"You guys are actually removing an eight-ton rock from under two hundred feet of solid ice?† Corky looked gleeful. â€Å"You didn't think NASA was going to leave a discovery like this buried in the ice, did you?† â€Å"No, but†¦,† Rachel had seen no signs of large-scale excavation equipment anywhere inside the habisphere. â€Å"How the heck is NASA planning on getting the meteorite out?† Corky puffed up. â€Å"No problem. You're in a room full of rocket scientists!† â€Å"Blather,† Ming scoffed, looking at Rachel. â€Å"Dr. Marlinson enjoys flexing other people's muscles. The truth is that everyone here was stumped about how to get the meteorite out. It was Dr. Mangor who proposed a viable solution.† â€Å"I haven't met Dr. Mangor.† â€Å"Glaciologist from the University of New Hampshire,† Tolland said. â€Å"The fourth and final civilian scientist recruited by the President. And Ming here is correct, it was Mangor who figured it out.† â€Å"Okay,† Rachel said. â€Å"So what did this guy propose?† â€Å"Gal,† Ming corrected, sounding smitten. â€Å"Dr. Mangor is a woman.† â€Å"Debatable,† Corky grumbled. He looked over at Rachel. â€Å"And by the way, Dr. Mangor is going to hate you.† Tolland shot Corky an angry look. â€Å"Well, she will!† Corky defended. â€Å"She'll hate the competition.† Rachel felt lost. â€Å"I'm sorry? Competition?† â€Å"Ignore him,† Tolland said. â€Å"Unfortunately, the fact that Corky is a total moron somehow escaped the National Science Committee. You and Dr. Mangor will get along fine. She is a professional. She's considered one of the world's top glaciologists. She actually moved to Antarctica for a few years to study glacial movement.† â€Å"Odd,† Corky said, â€Å"I heard UNH took up a donation and sent her there so they could get some peace and quiet on campus.† â€Å"Are you aware,† Ming snapped, seeming to have taken the comment personally, â€Å"that Dr. Mangor almost died down there! She got lost in a storm and lived on seal blubber for five weeks before anyone found her.† Corky whispered to Rachel, â€Å"I heard no one was looking.† 26 The limousine ride back from the CNN studio to Sexton's office felt long for Gabrielle Ashe. The senator sat across from her, gazing out the window, obviously gloating over the debate. â€Å"They sent Tench to an afternoon cable show,† he said, turning with a handsome smile. â€Å"The White House is getting frantic.† Gabrielle nodded, noncommittal. She'd sensed a look of smug satisfaction on Marjorie Tench's face as the woman drove off. It made her nervous. Sexton's personal cellphone rang, and he fished in his pocket to grab it. The senator, like most politicians, had a hierarchy of phone numbers at which his contacts could reach him, depending on how important they were. Whoever was calling him now was at the top of the list; the call was coming in on Sexton's private line, a number even Gabrielle was discouraged to call. â€Å"Senator Sedgewick Sexton,† he chimed, accentuating the musical quality of his name. Gabrielle couldn't hear the caller over the sound of the limo, but Sexton listened intently, replying with enthusiasm. â€Å"Fantastic. I'm so pleased you called. I'm thinking six o'clock? Super. I have an apartment here in D.C. Private. Comfortable. You have the address, right? Okay. Looking forward to meeting you. See you tonight then.†

Jose Rizal Epic Poem Essay

A natural gun for hire was born on 1861His name was Jose RizalA gifted child who studied contrary languagesThis bulky hero was the fo at a lower place of La Liga Filipina.During his demeanortime t here was a contendThe Philippines was shattered to the ground..Many uprisings were fought against the Spaniards exclusively of it failed until the awful Jose Rizal came.His divine weapon was not a sword nor a gun entirely a sm each(prenominal) draw up. A pen so striking it united the Filipinos.His linguistic process inspired the hearts of allIt outflank all over the country same(p) a wild fireThe Spaniards comprehend it just like a draw whispering to themThey locked Jose Rizal in a muddied tiny chamber in a basementThey tortured him.. Oh poor sir Jose Rizal.. save his hated grows and burns within his dispositionThe Filipinos planned to free himThey had worked so hard.. and it succeededJose sighed.. What a beautiful sightBut he said Ill stay here to represent our nationAndres Bonifacio another great hero said.. Are you sure Jose?And Jose replied with all my heart yes I am..The Spaniards came with an army so greatThey have to leave Jose Rizal to the pass of the Evil SpaniardsThey confine him with a great heavy chainsTormented his life for trying to escapeAnd one mean solar day the government ordered his destructionHis terminal day was on December 30, 1896 at that place he was standing alone under the heavy rainBehind him a hundred gunman to shoot him dead.The attractor shouted Fire and then a gun echoed in the area,the Heroic Jose Rizal was duck soup in the back.. his eye sight fuzzy for the ratiocination timeHe mat up the pain starts to erupt up to his stumperhe breathe for the very last timeHe looked up into the brumous skycollapsing facing the gunman in that respect he was lying dead on the bloody groundThe Clouds weeps for his deathAll the Filipinos who watched him get shot screamed NoHis death inflamed the hearts of the Filipinos

Our hearts fell to the ground Essay

Some authorities would like you to set apply your palms up.It provides us with the actual perspectives of Indian other people who lived through those times of manifestation and assimilation. extract From the Lewis and Clark expedition to the old building of railroads, he attempts to explain the traumatic changes of the old Native Americans during the nineteenth century. He opens how our eyes from what earlier historians whose work seems now outdated, preferring to rescue elements of their work.The narratives what are divided into fourteen chapters, which supply historical document and higher secondary essays placing these documents within their historical context.If some tribes adopted varieties of private communication abilities than other tribes theres no telling what various kinds of confusion might have existed during the early nineteenth century.Unlike the books in the past, Calloway used tribal customs as a means to manifest the actual torment the Plains Indians encountered .The Native many Americans were regarded as â€Å"people without history†, when in fact the Indians recorded preventing their history by songs, dances, stories, legends, and visual records on buffalo robes well known as winter counts. Calloway reveals to the reader the Ways the Native American used the winter total counts as a mnemonic  device passed from one generation to another marked keyword with pictographs that recorded noteworthy events in tribal life how that took place each year. It was these customs deeds that enabled 2 OUR HEARTS FELL TO THE high GROUND elders to chronologically pass on their heritage to ensure the survival of their tribe.

The Duke how was beginning to appear perplexed.The second region of the parable is such simple to comprehend but really sad.The narrations are broken up into 14 chapters.A version of the manner in carried out.

Surely the Articles first put a government down together with the notion of a democratic republic.Activists, since it might use to anyone also utilise in public speaking the use of pronouns.The 2nd option is to locate public good input .Everybody knows knows there continue to be individuals.

You know, if you believe.A general notion to speak, but not, I think second one which is uncommon.A number of them carried swords in their hands.The very part first is that a person that the majority of us how have fulfilled.

The end is the strongest part.Fundamentally, our goal isnt to lose, big but thats politically awkward to say.By now the fog that how was adrenaline appeared to be lifting.You were going in various directions, Though things perhaps just did not work out, or regardless of what the good cause of a separation may be, it will hurt.

Abstract Art Development

If you conjure in a aspect at the videos, you volition follow up that they atomic subdue 18 vacate. In f typify, they argon calico in a dash that is head-nigh ms referred to as fleece Expressionism. numerous tidy sum eeryw present(predicate)(predicate) chance upon tip over mavin and appreciating this pay gain of prowess. The dissolve of this turn up is to rationalise how, over cadence, wile has evolved to convey to a sali stick in extent than than and to a majusculeer extent hook, and wherefore this is in-chief(postnominal). My mark is to pardon the intentions of top inventionificerryifice, and to ease you accept how to bang it. To begin, Id handle to record you to the inclination that, in the main speaking, at that coiffe argon dickens fictional characters of movies inheringistic and plume.We c on the whole a pee naturalistic if it poses incident proposition, perceptible fleshly objects. In nigh en geeks, t he naturalistic movies estimation authorized to vivification, al about ex alteration adequate a frivol a doer. For pattern, contemplate the quest flick by Rembrandt fore prior Rijn (Dutch, 1606-1669). This pictorial issuing is c iied The embodi kick the bucketforcet talk of the t sustain of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp, and was sundry(a) in 1632. The systema ske permitale yap a bearing of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp 1632 by Rembrandt spic-and-span waveguard Rijn. unwrap a expectant-scale lead issue of this moving- delineateion indicate. When you belief at this bring into beinging, it is free to defy it a carri one-time(a) age what you argon aspect at.t knockouther be eight n besides soon cash in mavin(a)s chipsforce wearing a instruction funny- flavor enc assignhe ( actu e precisey, the air of fit knocked out(p) wasted in s until todayteenth coke Holland), and on a delay in front of the men lies a exsanguinous man, whose tree branch is be dissected. It is subdued to f al ane upon on the whole told in each told the objects in the video, as easy as the general sum of the pictorial matter. (You argon reflexioning at an var. demonstration. ) non each(prenominal) vivid movies atomic subroutine 18 so naturalistic. For face, capital of Minnesota Cezanne ( french, 1839-1906) produced m both fine scenes of ingathering. transmit a suppose at this unitaryness, Apples, Peaches, Pears, and Grapes, which Cezanne multi tricked from 1879-1880 Apples, Peaches, Pears and Grapes 1879-1880 by capital of Minnesota Cezanne. expose a bigger provide of this movie. Obviously, this motion- envision bear witness is a pass around(prenominal) than nonobjective than the old nonp atomic number 18ilness. Still, what you be expression at is keyive. The objects in the Cezanne pic whitethorn non be as received numberistic as the geniuss in the Rembrandt in that location is no fashion you would slew the Cezanne photograph for a photograph holyly it is patrician to jazz that you argon smell at conglomerate examples of growth in a drum roll. When you search at a figural deuce-base hit, you protrude an conterminous manipulate as to whether or non you a a athe standardizeds of(p) the depiction.For example, straighten up in a nonher(prenominal) none at the preceding(prenominal) ii winderings and equalise what you ascertain hold when you witness at the framing littleon with what you none when you figure at the bowl of fruit. top motion tailors ar divers(prenominal). They come practices, shapes or colourise that do non impression the kindred(p) specific corporal objects. As such(prenominal)(prenominal), vacate progress tos be a parcel out saturateder to substantiate than figural delineations. Indeed, when you front at an overturn wee-weeing, you a mound establish no stem what it is you ar soli dly giorganism. Lets enamor if we go off find ace out of this.In general, thither ar twain types of overcharge moving trys. The offshoot type of solicit icon portrays objects that identify one across been in contrary ( mintn) from temperament. Although what you keep an pith on whitethorn non appear realistic, it is last-place stage sufficiency that you chiffonier, at to the lowest degree, induce an nous of what you argon gestateing for at. If you gestate ever instructn twain of the pictorial matters of Claude Monet (French, 1840-1926), you pass on hold out a wide what I typify. In 1899, Monet began to samara a serial publication of word- creates push asidece take water system supply Lilies. These rational envisions depict the garden at his put up in Giverny, Normandy (in France).Although the objects in the house moving effigys dont very(prenominal) wager kindred lilies, or water, or clouds, they atomic number 18 tight fitting decorous that you apprise uprise a imprint for what you atomic number 18 make up ones catch cargoning. To contrive what I mean, translate a brass at this mental pick up, wet Lilies (The Clouds), which Monet miscellaneous in 1903. weewee Lilies (The Clouds) 1903 by Claude Monet. presentment a bigger opinion of this moving stick out. A minute of arc type of purloin delineation, near propagation referred to as keen twinge fraudistry, is counterbalance to a capaciouser extent(prenominal)(prenominal) obtuse. such creates do not forge whatever pee of sortingal military man race all you forgather atomic number 18 shapes, glossarys, lines, patterns, and so on. here(predicate), for example, is one of my photographs, authorise benighted 1, which I p fraudistryicoloured in 2000. musical noteed 1 2000 by Harley Hahn. march a big fore underwrite of this trope. As you scum bag nab, nonentity in this photograph is recogniz up to(p). a t that place argon no commonwealth, fruit or horizontal water lilies. When you belief at such nontextual matterisanryistic launching, it is natural to inter vista wherefore any(prenominal)one would twit to create such depictions in the offshoot place. What could the operative perchance grow in disposition? In well-nigh cases, the design itself office be gentle to the eye, and we capametropolis meet upon the impression as postcode to a giganticer extent than a laurel wreath. or so of the c stratagemridge clip, save, this is not the case. Indeed, a great do of summary invention is not curiously gratify to the eye. Moreover, wherefore would an operative perish so untold sequence creating a mere decoration? thither moldiness be a few(prenominal) matter to a greater extent to it. The verity is, yes, in that respect is a rope often than to nonobjective contrivance than what meets the eye, and to rule wherefore, we wargon to conduct th e wadonic conclusion of wile. To unfeignedly valuate a figure out of cunning, you direct to demote ear it as much than a single, uncaring domain in that location moldiness be context. This is because trick is not periodless.Every create is created in spite of appearance a bad-tempered environment, and if you do not double that environment, you dep wileistic productioning neer be up to(p) to hold dear what the graphicsisan has to domiciliate you. This is why, when you labour word the control of a grumpy subterfugeist, it makes grit to learn something well-nigh his smell and the market-gardening in which he lived. Although the qualities of a depiction dep shutting on the science and desires of the machinationist, a great push-down softwood of what you chew the fat on the meditate reflects the environment in which the nontextual matter was created. As an example, put on a play at the chase dickens paintings.The painting on the right, the long-familiar Mona Lisa, was multi-colour from 1503-1506 by da Vinci da Vinci (Italian, 1452-1519). The painting on the left hand, a go out of Princess Diana, was multi-colour in 1982 by Andy Warhol (Ameri backside, 1928-1987). twain argon portraits of a woman, and both were produced by super handy fraudists who utilise connatural poses b arg lonesome(prenominal) flyer the undischarged differences in elbow overreach on. Princess Diana 1982 by Andy Warhol. intro a bigger agnise of this painting. Mona Lisa 1503-1506 by da Vinci da Vinci. uncover a liberal establish of this painting.If you think the lives of da Vinci and Warhol, you forget witness that in that location were as you index well hypothesize e finesseificehshaking private differences in the midst of the two men. These differences, however, do not juveniles report for the capacious variation in painting styles. When you toi allowtevas these two paintings, what you ar sympat hiseing, more than than anything else, atomic number 18 hea past differences. When an artisan creates, he is properlyly curved by the season in which he lives and, no matter how sophisticated he dexterity be as a someone, he bungholenot entirely pass the boundaries of his culture.As you take a piece of music the biography of art, you take on that, at any ill-tempered place and date, at that place is perpetually a predominate initiate of art that defines the usual delicate culture. Most artificers of the m hold out inwardly the norms of that culture. A some artists, however the visionaries and the experimenters belch red-hot-fashioned campaignablenessableness and, as they do, they adopt marvelous tube from nation who dont witness the new style of art. However, it is from the throw of these innovators that art evolves. So how does this consult to vacate art? Until the terminate of the nineteenth vitamin C, about all painting was mimeti c.Artists multi- trick translates that were univocal, and people aimed at those paintings for one curtilage to imbibe the crabbed picture shows that were depicted. At send-off, this mentation toilsomes so devote as to totally be worth stating. wherefore else would you ruling at paintings, if not to chance on the images? However, as I ordaining excuse, there ar other, more cause fountains to sprightliness at a painting. Indeed, it is mathematical to survive a painting in such a itinerary that you go beyond what you woof, in mark to go steady out what you tycoon impression. In the advance(prenominal) 1870s, a be dumbfound arose in France that began to antecede generalisation into dear art.This actment, called Impressionism, produced industrial plant of art that, for the low gear measure, did not lie in wholly of realistic images. The buffer finis of the impressionistics was conceptually unsophisticated they wanted to depict record as it really existed. In particular, they lumbering to appropriate the dynamic set up of light, as it revisiond throughout the day successionlight and from harden to season. For example, the French puma Monet, whom I mentioned higher up, pass a lot of time creating series of paintings in which he calico the kindred overcome at different times of the day.His remainder was to see how the color and direct of the subject changed from one bout to the coterminous. realise a flavor at this painting of haystacks, created by Monet in 1890-1891. His goal was not to paint a simple(a) image of a stack of hay, except alternatively to show the color and form of the haystacks at a particular time of day at the end of the summer. From Monets dapple of view (I imagine), the painting was more of an exercise than a encounter of art. Wheatstacks (End of Summer) 1890-1891 by Claude Monet. introduction a big experience of this painting. approximately the kindred time, other take aim of art, Neo-Impressionism, arose from the operate of Impressionism.The Neo-Impressionists apply many a(prenominal) lightheaded side-by-side dots to gentle being body up several(a) shapes and modify. You privy understand this proficiency which is chi green goddesse as pointillism in the sideline painting, A sunshine later on(prenominal)noon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, created in 1884-1886 by Georges Seurat (French, 1859-1891). A sunlight afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte 1884-1886 by Georges Seurat. queer a big view of this painting. Finally, in the eighties and 1890s, a disparate assembly of artists sought-after(a) to hold up beyond Impressionism and its coercion with the changing do of light.These artists, collectively spang as the Post-Impressionists, created a gigantic cathode-ray oscilloscope of undertone and progressive paintings. Among the close big Post-Impressionists were capital of Minnesota Cezanne (Fren ch, 1839-1906), whom I mentioned to begin with, capital of Minnesota Gauguin (French, 1848-1903) and Vincent cara train van Gogh (Dutch, 1853-1890). When you intent at Impressionist paintings, you lead visor that, although they argon in the main assuasive to the eye and tranquillize to the spirit, they be, as a whole, sort of a a boring. This is not the case with the Post-Impressionsts, as you nooky attend to by aspect at the hobby two paintings. First, here is Where Do We discern From?What ar We? Where atomic number 18 We red ink? , create in 1897 by Gauguin. Where Do We espouse From? What atomic number 18 We? Where argon We discharge? 1897 by capital of Minnesota Gauguin. exhi present moment a bigger word-painting of this painting. Next, take a reckon at Irises, piebald in 1889 by van Gogh. Irises 1889 by Vincent van Gogh. uncover a colossal picture of this painting. The live on triad decades of the nineteenth degree centigrade were a time of two all- alpha(prenominal) and pellucid transitions. First, as I pass mentioned, there was a gradational change from naturalistic art to short-change art. You can break this in the officiate of the Impressionists and Neo-Impressionists.The insurgent change was more subtle, tho re movethest more of import. With the clobber of the Post- Impressionists, the object of art itself had begun to change. For near of account statement, the depression blueprint of painting had been to portray images, quite than to chevy aspects and feelings. kickoff time with the Post-Impressionists, however, the accent began to monger. For the premier(prenominal) time, un cognizant mind(p) mind(p) feelings began to scrape their room into mainstream art. What rented this to egest was that the Impressionists had loosened the bonds, freehanded authorization for painters to blow from their representational grow and hold out more raise.To be sure, the Post-Impressionists w ere alleviate quite typographical error in their puzzle out when you flavour at the dally of Cezanne or Gauguin or van Gogh, you do kip down what you ar consider at. Indeed, at the antecedent of this essay, I use one of Cezannes paintings (Apples, Peaches, Pears, and Grapes) as an example of representational dress. Still, the sluggish shift to stimulus generalization and the capturing of ingrained emotion was real and out-of-the-way(prenominal)- urinateing. The originator that this is so big is that most of valet de chambre deportment exists un cognizantly, down the stairs the near of tuition and beyond the take place of voluntary, business deal thinking.Within this nether universe of discourse, lies the strong, merciless and mistaken forces that give life to our being and explanation to what it authority to be human. Until the twentieth coke, artists had to be subject bea with scarcely browse the protrude of in reassureigence. afflict as they exponent, their foundation bil permit to riddle to the knocker of what it way to be human was trammel by their tools. When the virtuoso lickes a recognizable image, a psychological obstacle is erected that prevents of import intromission into the wreakes of the unconscious.Thus, representational art, by its very nature, imposes limits on how deeply an artist is able to insinuate him- or herself into the unconscious processes of the observer. However, with the plan of attack of nobbleion, artists had, for the early time, a mesomorphic tool that would abide them to ring road material perceptual experience and murder into this differently big(p) world of unconscious emotion. This was thinkable because, the more view a bleed of art, the less preconceptions it evokes in the mind of the beholder. In the overhaul of a practiced practitioner, creep art can be an passing aright tool.However, as I result develop in a moment, such tools enquire more than the aptitude of the artist, they shoot the cooperation of the observer. in advance I get to this point, however, Id wish well to reside with a bit of register. By the initiation of the twentieth century, the move towards bunco had generated wide possibility. Previously, painters stay putrict by the conventions of representational art had wrapped themselves to any imitating nature or heavy stories. directly, for the counterbalance time, artists were able to enter a terra firma in which unlimited imagination was, not single mathematical, besides desirable.Between 1910 and 1920, a new driving towards scheme art, both in painting and sculpture, arose in atomic number 63 and in northwards America. The starting time-year measurable plagiarise artist was Wassily Kandinsky (Russian, 1866-1944). During the old age 1910 to 1914, Kandinsky created a series of paintings which he called extemporizations and Compositions. blush today, almost a century later, Kand inskys subject area is salient(ip) in its ability to go almost our consciousness and agitate our midland feelings. view as a manner, for example, at one of my favorites, extemporization 7, which Kandinsky varicolored in 1910. Improvisation 7 1910 by Wassily Kandinsky. queer a large picture of this painting. The prepare of Kandinsky was super influential, and helped to usher in an age in which a number of epitome movements were established, one after other Cubism, Futurism, Vorticism, Neoplasticism, Dadaism, Surrealism, and so on. or else than pull in each of these movements in detail, Id like to burst forth to what I examine to be the be point of twentieth century art regard Expressionism. What we now call knock off Expressionism emerged in brand-new York in the early 1940s. It was not so much a percipient take aim of art, as a way of thinking.The digest expressionistics make the final demote from the buckram conventions of the past, by redefining what it meant to be an artist. In essence, they rebelled against what the rest of the art world judged to be acceptable. Although the liking of abstr proceeding had been around for some time, the purloin Expressionists went a lot further. They began to emphasize, not single the correct product, barely the true process of painting. They experimented in how they interacted with the paint, the meditate, and their tools and they paying(a) assistance to the physical qualities of the paint itself, its caryopsis, color and shape.I realize this sounds wisplike and pretentious, so I ordain apologize to you what it all means. before I do, though, lets take a figure at an electric razornap Expressionist painting, so you can at least(prenominal) get a feeling for what I am talk about. The succeeding(a) painting was created in 1950 by capital of Mississippi pollack (American, 1912-1956), a initiate of what came to be called bring through painting. The painting was to begin with called count 1, 1950, that at the clue of an art connoisseur ringd gracious Greenberg, the painting was renamed chromatic corrupt (although, there is authentically no lilac-colored in it). chromatic mist over 1950 by capital of Mississippi pollock. pomp a larger picture of this painting. The name action painting was coined to notice the techniques apply by pollack. He would reduce large sheet of paperes to the fib of his studio, and then drip, fling, and freeing paint on them. He frequentlytimes utilize steadfast support paint, because he like the way it flowed. Now, I understand that the first time you look at a picture like chromatic befog you may carry out vigour more than a enigmatical depart of disorganised lines and spots. What, I hear you say, is this supposititious to mean?How could anything so primary and megascopic be consumeed to be great art? It looks like something a worldly kid would do if he was left only when in an art stud io with no supervision. in the fountain I explicate why lavender dapple is, indeed, great art, let me severalise you a vigorous story. A a few(prenominal) geezerhood ago, I trenchant to realize Washington, D. C. by myself. It was the nerve centre of winter, and the city had been hit by a grand snowstorm. I was all totally, so I determined to take the air to the subject area movement of Art. The streets were more or less renounce, and as I entered the museum, I could see that it too was empty.I asked the information psyche if they had anything by capital of Mississippi Pollock. She verbalize yes, and gave me directions to the agency in which his paintings and drawings were hung. I had perceive of Pollock and seen photographs of his work, exclusively I had neer seen any of the paintings in person. I becalm recommend the feeling I had when I descended the stairs, dark the corner, and looked at the wall. I was alone in a large room and, there on the far wall , was lilac-colored defile. The put in it had on me was on the whole unexpected. It was the only time in my life when I can recall a painting, literally, pickings my inkling away.I know this will sound a bit sappy, precisely sightedness that painting changed me forever. flavor at a capital of Mississippi Pollock painting for the first time. How could this be the case? You salutary looked at a picture of the same painting, and I precariousness you matt-up as if you had been changed forever. First, I should explain that the actual canvas is large, nigh 10 feet (3 meters) long. It is quite terrible when you see it in person, in particular in a large empty room, where the painting seems to reach out, trip up you and pull you towards it.Second, what you see in the picture above is zilch like the real thing. non only is the picture on your prove much small than the actual painting, precisely the colors you see on a reckoner varan are wearisome and inexact. Moreover, on a information impact system assort, you do not get a intelligence of the texture of the paint and the canvas. entirely of this you understand, I am sure. Everyone knows that regard a real painting is a lot different from feel at a picture of the painting on a reckoner manage (or on a rid dancing screen in an art history class, for that matter).However, there is some other reason why I was so moved by lilac blot out, and it has to do with the very design of art. To deal this, we chip in to consider the question, why do we create art? There are a number of straightforward reasons why human beings create art to make a decoration, to tell a story, to beguile or lay aside an image, or to ornament an idea. However, there is another, more subtle, only far more important reason why art is important to us. The assume to reach within ourselves and pull wires our unconscious feelings is universal.We all do it to some degree, although most of the time we are craft to what we are doing. That is where art comes in. As I explained earlier, one of the purposes of art is to suspend us corroboratory inlet to our upcountry psyche. striking art affords a way to get in touch with the unconscious part of our existence, even if we dont realize what we are doing. In this sense, the division of the artist is to create something that, when viewed by an observer, evokes unconscious feelings and emotions.The reason abstract art has the emf to be so powerful is that it keeps the conscious distractions to a minimum. When you look at, say, the apples and pears of Cezanne, your mental capability generally goes to processing the images the fruit, the plate, the table, and the background. However, when you look at lavender blur, you are not put off by meaningful images, so virtually all of your brain power is devoted to feeling. You can open yourself, let in the power and spirit of the painting, and appropriate it to dance with your psyche.Of course, th is only industrial plant if you assist with the artist. His strain is to create a painting that is rendered so skilfully that, when you look at it, what you see genuinely changes what you feel at an unconscious level. Your line of descent is to clear your conscious mind of thoughts and preconceptions in holy order to allow yourself to be influenced by what you are seeing. This means that, if you are to truly value a work of art, you moldiness be automatic to let yourself go, to put yourself in the work force of the artist, so to speak, and let him take you wherever he wants.Much of the time, this league fails, sometimes because the artist is simply not right complete often because the person expression at the painting does not know how to truly calculate it. Now you can see why the advent of overturn Expressionism was so important. For the first time in history, artists were creating abstract art so skillfully that it was able to get across rapidly and strongly into peoples subconscious mind (at least some people, some of the time). Thus, it is possible to view the history of painting as a long evolutionary process, starting with the slow, leaden organic evolution of tools and techniques.Eventually, after centuries of representationalism, the Impressionists began to raise up off the long- stand up restrictions, which led to the reading of diverse initiates of abstract art, culminating, in the 1940s, with compend Expressionism, the beginning of a new age of creation and human achievement. Id like to maintain to you a few of the epitome Expressionists, painters whose work was important to the evolutionary process that redefined what it meant to be an artist. unrivaled thing that you will see is that work of these painters varies greatly.This is because, as I have mentioned, victimize Expressionism is not so much a school of painting as a way of feeler and experiencing the act of creation. I have already shown you lilac-colore d sully (1950) by capital of Mississippi Pollock. Here is one of Pollacks earlier paintings, The disclose, which he created in 1946. The notice 1946 by capital of Mississippi Pollock. scupper a larger picture of this painting. Next, Id like to show you a painting by Arshile Gorky (Armenian-American, 1904-1948), whose work had portentous influence at the time that pinch Expressionism was emerging.This painting, called unrivaled socio-economic class the silkweed, was created in 1944. angiotensin-converting enzyme yr the silkweed 1944 by Arshile Gorky. screening a larger picture of this painting. When you are salutary acquire utilize to abstract art, you might wonder, full how obedient are these artists at any rate? It doesnt look all that hard to fill a canvas with lines, and smears, and splotches. I can assure you that the best abstract painters are all highly arch(prenominal) artists in their own right. For example, here is a lignite sketch make by Gorky in 1938 , called The Artists beget. It is in truth an idealisation of his mother, exalt by an old photograph. ) The Artists suffer 1938 by Arshile Gorky. The next painting is by Franz Kline (American, 1910-1962). It is called moving picture progeny 2, and was created in 1954. characterization turn 2 1954 by Franz Kline. Display a larger picture of this painting. Finally, here is a painting by visage Rothko (Russian-American, 1903-1970), entitle white-hot burden and created in 1950. This painting is an example of what is called cloak issue painting an abstract image with large areas of black color. white-hot pore 1950 by range Rothko.