Vive le Vent A Popular French Christmas Carol

The song,  Vive le Vent  is the equivalent  of Jingle Bells in French. It is sung to the same tune, but the words are completely different. Its a fun song and one that youll want to learn and sing during the holiday season. Vive le Vent Lyrics and Translation Below you can read the lyrics for the  French Christmas carol  Vive le vent. The English is a literal translation and, as youll notice, it only has one reference to bells. Yet, it does celebrate all the joys of the holidays, including time with family, snowy days, and all the things that add to the festive fun. Vive  plus a noun is a common construction used to honor someone or something. Most often, it is translated into English as long live. You may recognize it from the popular  expression  Vive la France.   French English (Refrain)Vive le vent, vive le vent,Vive le vent d'hiver,Qui s'en va sifflant, soufflantDans les grands sapins verts, oh ! (Refrain)Long live the wind, long live the wind,Long live the winter wind,Which goes whistling, blowingIn the big green Christmas trees, oh! Vive le temps, vive le temps,Vive le temps d'hiver,Boules de neige et Jour de l'AnEt Bonne Annà ©e grand-mà ¨re !(Fin du refrain) Long live the weather, long live the weather,Long live the winter weather,Snowballs and new year's dayand happy new year Grandma!(End of refrain) Sur le long cheminTout blanc de neige blancheUn vieux monsieur s'avanceAvec sa canne dans la main.Et tout là  -haut le ventQui siffle dans les branchesLui souffle la romanceQu'il chantait petit enfant, oh ! Along the long pathAll white from the white snowAn old man advancesWith his cane in his hand.And all above the windWhich whistles in the branchesBlows on him the romanceThat he sang as a young child, oh! Refrain Refrain Joyeux, joyeux Noà «lAux mille bougiesQu'enchantent vers le cielLes cloches de la nuit.Vive le vent, vive le ventVive le vent d'hiverQui rapporte aux vieux enfantsLeurs souvenirs d'hier, oh ! Merry, Merry ChristmasTo the thousand candlesWhich delight toward heavenThe night's bells.Long live the wind, long live the windLong live the winter windWhich brings to old kidsTheir memories of yesterday, oh! Refrain Refrain Et le vieux monsieurDescend vers le village,C'est l'heure oà ¹ tout est sageEt l'ombre danse au coin du feu.Mais dans chaque maisonIl flotte un air de fà ªtePartout la table est prà ªteEt l'on entend la mà ªme chanson, oh ! And the old manGoes down toward the village,It's the time when everyone is goodAnd the shadow dances near the fire.But in each houseThere's a festive airEverywhere the table is readyAnd you hear the same song, oh! Refrain Refrain

Analysis Of Fog Falling On Cedars - 1623 Words

Taking Flight I sit in this AP Language and Composition class trying to decipher the essence of the unending annotations and floods of random texts for the past quarter. Little did I know that I would be taking flight and soaring through the smallest details and threads of literary devices and techniques of analyzing language. Before this class, I looked at a book, aware that it was filled with potential symbolism and crucial themes that were definitely worth considering. Yet, I often paid far less attention to the way words are crafted in efforts to create a beautiful masterpiece. Who knew that the jargon used in Snow Falling on Cedars could significantly shape the overall tone of the book? From the years leading up to this class, the†¦show more content†¦Welty describes the first steps of reading as â€Å"human, but inward...It is to me the voice of the story or poem itself† (Welty 11). Picking up from my knowledge of personification, I gained a new perspective on h ow books play an impact on how one thinks when reading a piece, as it describes the voice of the book as a human. Having said, this gave me the idea that books establish a personal connection between itself and the reader. Following through with the next chapter, Welty recognizes the value of the summer trips she experienced with her family. She makes an interesting analogy between her trips and reading by calling them â€Å"stories. Not only in form, but in their taking on direction, movement, development, change...each trip made its particular revelation, though I could not have found words for it† (68). Connecting this to the title of chapter two, â€Å"learning to see† when reading requires looking closely at the small details and soaking it in, in a way that one can look back upon it later. Once one starts to carefully listen and look at the fluidity and rich ingredients a book has, he/she can find their own voice, which leads into the next chapter. Reading spurs imagination which then allows one to explore their own inner being. Welty best describes her encounter of this by explaining â€Å"my imagination takes its strength and guides its direction from whatShow MoreRelated_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesto Statistics and Data Analysis This page intentionally left blank Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis Third Edition Roxy Peck California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Chris Olsen George Washington High School, Cedar Rapids, IA Jay Devore California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Australia †¢ Brazil †¢ Canada †¢ Mexico †¢ Singapore †¢ Spain †¢ United Kingdom †¢ United States Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, Third Edition Roxy PeckRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesAppalachian State University William J. White, Northwestern University David Whitlock, Southwest Baptist University Dan Wiljanen, Grand Valley State University Dean Williamson, Brewton-Parker College Hilda Williamson, Hampton University Alice Wilson, Cedar Crest College Barry Wisdom, Southeast Missouri State University Craig Wishart, Fayetteville State University Laura Wolfe, Louisiana State University Melody Wollan, Eastern Illinois University Evan Wood, Taylor University Fort Wayne Chun-Sheng Yu, University

Development of Customer Service Strategy †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Development of Customer Service Strategy. Answer: Introduction In order to gain a competitive edge and a distinguished position in the market, the organisation needs to operate with the help of the most important tool known as customer service. The performance of the company is entirely determined by its customer service. The level of service catered by the organisation is identified by the service provided to its client. To create a sound customer service strategy, it is essential that it is related to the logistics system of the company. This means, fulfilling the requirements of the customers in an efficient manner in such a way that the various departments which take part in making the service available to the end customer are in order as well. This process of combining a high level of customer service with departments like shipping, production, manufacturing, quality control and purchase etc. so that the above department functions to the best of their ability is called as Customer logistic management (Wang, 2013). Therefore, it is an incorp oration of excellent customer service with the place and time utilities in order to make the service or the product available to the end consumer. The service of distribution must be value added with a good customer interaction so that the customer perceives it as a benefit and not only a product or a service. Process of Customer Service and its key elements from a logistics perspective The key element of an efficient logistic customer service is to make the customer interact with the company at various levels rather than just establishing a direct contact with just the marketing team who is responsible for selling the product or the service. There are various platforms and mediums to communicate with the customer to make them feel privileged. It is the responsibility of the company to make the customer feel its presence either by social media through online means or through mediums like telecommunication to provide customer centric customer service (Ross, 2016). This can be elaborated with the help of an e.g. like if a company is into manufacturing of a particular product, then the orders received to make a purchase would be shipped to the consumer. Now, to achieve a good customer satisfaction it is evident that the client of the company would want to track the time the product takes to reach the customer. Also, the customer would enquire the date and time when the product was dispatched for the delivery. These queries can be solved by launching a system of interaction between customer and the business. The client gets informed with the complete information of the product with the help of interaction electronically (Terry, 2014). The expectations of the customers are important to be met with the help of an efficient customer service oriented logistics system. Delivering the product or a service with the help of various distribution channels and departments along with providing cut through solutions with in stipulated time to the customers is the key to achieve customer satisfaction. As logistics consists of delivering the right quantity, right product, and right quality of the product at the right time, right place at the right cost to the right customer through the right means, it is imperative to address the needs of the customer through an efficient customer centric approach (Oliveira and Gimeno, 2014). All the elements about managing the inventory consisting of queries regarding items, locations and quantities of stock are to be kept in consideration. Moving further deciding upon the mode of transport, creating a schedule and a route through which the product will be shipped and planning the amount of load to be shipped are the factors which are kept in the mind. These activities are handled by various dedicated departments like inventory department, transport department, warehousing and packaging department (Mangan and Lalwani, 2016). The main role of integrating customer service process with logistics system is understanding the kind of service required by the client from the business. The main focus is managing the delivery system in such a way that it addresses the exact needs of the customer (Rushton, Croucher and Baker, 2017). This aim is only possible through customer communication and interaction in order to determine the wants of the customer. The needs related to the time taken during the transit, cost inc urred in the shipment, reliability in terms of the quality can be fulfilled with the help of an integrated approach. The main role of the logistics of an organisation is to ensure that the service or the product offered is placed and distributed correctly to the customer. Therefore, a company needs a weapon to gain a competitive edge over its competitors in the market. If there is a close customer relationship maintained by the company in terms of movement of products and services right from the supplier responsible for making the service/product available to the user responsible for consuming the service, then the logistical system becomes interactive. The customer service process comprises of key elements which requires anticipating and recognizing the desires of the client and provide them the appropriate solutions to address these desires accurately (Christopher, 2013). A good customer service lays emphasis on engaging the relevant departments in the supply chain with the client so that the customer is aware of the business and they do not feel mislead. For e.g. A magazine company has tie ups with distributor firms who are engaged in activities like wrapping, sorting the destination, managing the database, developing tie ups with airline and shipping companies for transportation. This company needs to integrate various channels of distribution with effective customer service to attain effectiveness in the system. In addition to this, another important element of logistic customer service is achieving customer satisfaction which is possible with introducing an opportunity in the system to make the required improvements in the ser vice offered by the company. If there is a regular communication between the business and the client then there is an open exchange of expectations and the desired changes are made and dealt, which helps in satisfying the customers. The most important element of an effective logistics customer service is the customers success. The promise of delighting the end customer gets fulfilled when the service rendered to them offer them more than their expectations. This is achieved by going an extra mile for making modifications and serving their needs by explaining them the working of the systems of the business (Barnes and Hunt, 2013). A customer service approach is called efficient when it is developed in such a manner that the business seeks ways to explain all the features, characteristics, and the appropriate knowledge required to understand the product along with taking their feedbacks or reviews so that the expectations can be addressed. Impact on development of the Customer Service Strategy In order to strategies the logistics service practices of a business, there are two entities who are involved majorly. One is the vendor supplying the product and the other is the end customer consuming the product. Therefore, the strategy of rendering the customer service has a major consequence of the suppliers, sub supplier and other intermediaries involved in the supply chain management. A customer service strategy involves familiarizing the end customers with solutions to their needs. With respect to the elements of logistics customer service there is a great impact of various channels in the supply chain management on the customer service of the business. The processes involved in the logistics system of the business like procurement of raw material till it reaches the recipient for consumption include all the activities like identifying and picking suppliers, finding the channels of distribution and knowing the nature and location of warehouses for storage and managing invento ry. Therefore, it is impossible to meet the expectations and find solutions to the customers queries without engaging the dedicated departments involving above activities to communicate with the end customer (Pontius, 2017). For e.g. there are various queries which need to be answered to the client in the phase when the transaction takes place for a particular order. The client wants to know the time consumed in processing the order, the product availability, whether the order can be postponed, the paper work which needs to be in order and the consistency in delivery of the product (Wallace and Xia, 2014). Also, the element of customer satisfaction effects the formulation of customer service strategy to a great extent. This can be illustrated with the help of an e.g. i.e. the customer is curious about the price quotation of the product, the charges of shipment, damage and insurance during the transit and the product quality. All these confusions are dealt by an efficient customer se rvice strategy (Riyad, 2013). Thus, anticipation, customer engagement and customer success from a logistics perspective are the elements which have a major implication in developing an effective customer service strategy. A logistics strategy if designed to make the customers feel privileged leads to attain cost effectiveness along with providing an exceptional customer service. This means that it is required for the logistics department of a business to act as an interface between the business and the customer to be successful in strategy formulation and execution Conclusion The main objective of the logistics customer service is developing a new approach in which the participants in the supply chain in a particular business are well aware of their responsibilities not only with respect to the partners who trade with them but also towards the customers to whom the service is rendered or the product is being delivered. The various departments in the supply chain management must function as vessels through which communication is established between the business and the customer. These departments must act as intermediary bodies through which the customer engagement is fulfilled. Finally, the customer service strategy designed from a logistics perspective should be such that the client should be the ultimate authority who decides whether the management of the supply chain is appropriate in all respects. The aim designed in the strategy formulated by the business should be efficient to an extent that the participants involved in the channels of supply chain do not limit themselves to just the suppliers and trading parties they are involved with, but it should also address to the needs and desires of the client. This leads to attainment of high customer success and satisfaction which indicates a good customer service delivered by the business. The business should operate keeping in mind the long perspective through incorporating customer centric approach in which the entire supply chain fulfils the changing requirements of the end customers. References Barnes, S., and Hunt, B. 2013. E-Commerce and V-Business. UK: Taylor Francis, p. 203. Christopher, M. 2013. Logistics and Supply Chain Management ePub eBook. UK: Pearson. Christopher, M., Payne, A., and Ballantyne, D. 2013. Relationship Marketing. UK: Taylor Francis, p. 159. Mangan, J., and Lalwani, C. 2016. Global Logistics and Supply Chain Management. US: John Wiley Sons, p. 5. Oliveira, A., and Gimeno, A. 2014. Customer Service Supply Chain Management: Models for Achieving Customer Satisfaction, Supply Chain Performance, and Shareholder Value. US: FT Press, pp. 67-70. Pontius, N. 2017. Logistics Strategies for Business: 23 Experts Share Tips on How to Develop a Winning Logistics Strategy. Accessed on: 5th October, 2017. Accessed from: https://www.camcode.com/asset-tags/how-to-create-a-winning-logistics-strategy/ Riyad, E. 2013. Managing Customer Trust, Satisfaction, and Loyalty through Information Communication Technologies. US: IGI Global. Ross, D. V. 2016. Introduction to Supply Chain Management Technologies. US: CRC Press, p. 4. Rushton, A., Croucher, P., and Baker, P. 2017. The Handbook of Logistics and Distribution Management: Understanding the Supply Chain. UK: Kogan Page Publishers, pp. 36-50. Terry, L. 2014. Customer Service: Its the Thought That Counts. Accessed on: 5th October, 2017. Accessed from: https://www.inboundlogistics.com/cms/article/customer-service-its-the-thought-that-counts/ Wallace, W. L., and Xia, Y. L. 2014. Delivering Customer Value through Procurement and Strategic Sourcing: A Professional Guide to Creating A Sustainable Supply Network. UK: Pearson Education, pp. 67-70. Wang, J. 2013. Management Science, Logistics, and Operations Research. US: IGI Global

Story telling free essay sample

Meet Amir; Amir is a little boy. He loves to play. He loves Chocolate. But most of all, he loves Superman. Tonight Amirs mama brought home some Chocolate Cake. Amir was overjoyed. Chocolate Cake always made him feel like he was in heaven. He ate to his hearts content, savoring each tasty bite. Amir is sleeping. He dreams of Chocolate. He is sleeping with a big smile on his face. Someone is knocking, knocking very loud. Amir wakes up. He hears his mamas voice. She is screaming. Seconds pass. Everyone else is screaming too. They start running. They run for a very long time; Amir and his family. They run until they can see the water. They get on a Bangka. Amir does not know where. He does not know why. All he can see is the fear in everyones eyes and then he knows that this cannot be good. We will write a custom essay sample on Story telling or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They are on the Bangka, Amirs family of 6. They are complete, but something is missing. Amir screams. He left his Superman. His grandmother gave that toy to him before she passed. He tried to Jump out. Mama would not let him. l will bring it back for you, Amir. I promise is all she says. Amir keeps crying. He keeps crying even if he nows Mama never breaks her promises. They get to their uncles house. TheyVe been here for three days now. Amir does not hear noise here and everyone is always busy. He misses his Superman, his bestfriend. He thinks Mama is breaking her promise. He gets mad at her. l will not talk to you until you bring back my Superman! Amir says. Mama frowns. She walks out of the house. Dinner time came and Mama was not back yet. Everybody was worried. Amir did not understand why. He asked. miou are too young is all they say. Amir goes back to his room. The phone rang that evening, Amir heard it from his room. He wonders where Mama went, if she was angry. He sneaks out of his room to check if Mama is back. Amir wants to say sorry to Mama. Amir hears the adults. They sound nervous. Amir gets scared. They say Mama tried to go back home, that something exploded, that Mama is in the hospital. Amir starts kicking and screaming. They get to the hospital. He sees Mama on the bed. She does not look good. Her eyes are closed and there are scratched on her arms, but she is breathing. Amir feels relieved. He waits for Mamas eyes to open. Mama wakes up. Amir is overjoyed. Mama reaches for something at the bedside table. They tell her not to move because she will get hurt. She does not listen. Mama grabs something from the drawer. She hands it to Amir. Amir is surprised. Mama brought back Superman for him. l would never break my promise to you, dear. No matter what. I love you that much. Amir starts crying. Amir loves Mama so much too. He hugs her. He tells her that he doesnt care about Superman. That he loves Mama most. That Mama is most important. Amir and his family may have lost their house. But they still have their home. They still have their Mama. They still have each other. Amir knows that is all that matters.

History of Summerian essays

History of Summerian essays Ancient times have it that a group of people of heritage called the Sumerians has documented information about a planet thats beyond Pluto in our solar system in a different orbit. They have it documented as the 12th planet because they counted Earths moon as a planet and also counts the sun. They counted every object in the solar system, but at the time, they probably did not know the other planets in our solar system have their own moons also. They also probably never seen asteroids or meteors, Im guessing, since they count all the objects in the solar system. These groups of people, the Sumerians, have all this information documented about Planet X and also have their own theories and beliefs. They believe that this planet is where the nonliving goes. They also believe it to be the stairway to heaven. Who knows whats fact and whats fiction? Only time will tell. Recent studies show that scientist all over the world are trying to conclude everything they can about their studies on the old artifacts and information they have. Since present times have all the use of technology, recent advances in DNA research have been established. It established that there was an Eve who lived about 250 to 270 thousand years ago, a first mother from who all modern humans stem, no matter what their racial heritage are. In 1987, scientists from the Universities of California and Michigan announced that all human beings descended from a single mitochondrial, Eve, who lived in Africa. Then came news a few years later that there also was an actual Adam. Finally, genetic advances made test-tube babies possible by mixing the male sperm with the female egg and reimplanting it. The knowledge that we have acknowledged corroborates what the Sumerians knew six thousand years ago. You wonder how is it possible, how could they know? How could their symbol of the entwined serpents, that we still use today to denote medi...

Introduction to Psychology Essays

Introduction to Psychology Essays Introduction to Psychology Essay Introduction to Psychology Essay Introduction to Psychology Introduction to the Unit Unit overview This unit focuses on understanding psychological theory and its application to life. It provides you with an understanding of: psychology as a social science the biological basis of behaviour psychological development through the lifespan sensation and perception states of consciousness memory, learning and conditioning theories cognition, language, creativity and intelligence motivation and emotion personality psychological disorders and their treatment health, stress and coping Unit objectives By the conclusion of this unit, you should be able to: demonstrate and describe the role of psychology in various areas of life demonstrate an understanding of psychology as a social science use basic terminology and concepts of psychological theory apply psychological theories to your own life Textbook The textbook for this unit is by Weiten, W. , Dunn, D. S. , Hammer, E. Y. (2012). Psychology applied to modern life: Adjustment in the 21st century (10th ed. ). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. This manual directs you to the relevant chapters of your textbook associated with each section. Unit Overview Introduction to Psychology Studying for this unit The content of this unit has been designed to maximise the learning and the integration of the subject matter. Some of the unit material may be specific to the Australian context. Students are encouraged to access additional information relevant to their local area that will assist in applying the learning. This may include specific legislation, professional associations and locally published journals. It is important that your learning is broadbased. Accessing local resources that build on what is contained in this unit will greatly assist your learning. In studying this unit, you will need a notebook for completing the activities and selfassessment for each section. Within your notebook, you may like to set aside space for: completing a glossary of new terminology introduced in this unit personal notes on unit content and readings In general, students are expected to: read each section of the unit carefully and make notes on anything which is new, vague, tentative or in conflict with your knowledge or experience complete each activity fully and honestly before moving on complete readings of the textbook, making notes of important insights or facts There may be periodic suggestions or issues on which you are asked to deliberate and reflect. Sometimes these are dilemmas or difficult issues associated with the study topic. These have no obvious right or wrong answers. Activities Appropriate activities are set throughout the unit to give opportunities for further learning. They are designed to help you think through and practise the specific skills and general concepts presented in this unit. They do not need to be sent to the unit educator for marking. However, valuable learning opportunities may be missed by not completing the activities. Readings The manual directs you to readings that are found in the ‘Readings Pack’. These readings are selected from journals and books that provide additional information or a different perspective on topics covered in each section. They are from a range of authorities and expand the content of this unit. Unit Overview 2 Introduction to Psychology Self-assessment There are self-assessment questions at the end of each section to test your understanding of the section’s content. Try to recall the answers to these questions unaided. Write down what you remember, before going back to review the relevant material in the section. Some of the questions will require more than simple recall. Some will require bringing together separate issues or different pieces of information. Real learning is not just remembering what was read. It involves making this knowledge your own by: reflecting on it questioning it relating it to personal experiences restating it in your own words Assignments The assignments for this unit are carefully set so they develop from and support the key concepts and skills of the unit. Reference list The reference list for this unit is located at the end pages of the manual. Unit Overview 3 Introduction to Psychology Contents Section 1: Introduction to Psychology and the Biological Bases of Behaviour Section 2: The Science of Psychology: Tools and Research Methods Section 3: Psychological Development through the Lifespan Section 4: Personality: Theory, Research and Assessment Section 5: Sensation and Perception Section 6: Health, Stress and Coping Section 7: States of Consciousness Section 8: Memory, Learning and Conditioning Section 9: Motivation and Emotion Section 10: Cognition, Language, Creativity and Intelligence Section 11: Psychological Disorders and Social Issues Section 12: Treatment of Psychological Disorders Unit Overview 4 Introduction to Psychology Assignment requirements Ensure you keep a copy of all material submitted. This includes audio–visual recordings. Assignment Type % Word Count Week Due Academic Essay 50 2000 8 Academic Essay 50 2000 11 Unit Overview 5 Introduction to Psychology Assignment 1 Assignment Type Weighting Word Count Week Due Academic Essay 50 2000 8 Choose one of the following topics and write an essay discussing the topic in light of theory you have learned about in this unit: 1. Stress is an epidemic in the 21st century and impacts on people’s behaviour in many ways. Discuss in light of the literature. 2. Compare and contrast two theories of personality. Ensure you include a definition of personality in your essay. 3. Research suggests that first impressions are created within the first few minutes of meeting someone. Discuss the factors that impact on our perception of others and some of the elements that affect the accuracy of first impressions. Your essay should include: A clear articulation of your chosen topic A discussion of the topic as outlined in the essay descriptions above An analysis of the topic in light of current literature Unit Overview 6 Introduction to Psychology Outstanding Very good Good Satisfactory Not Satisfactory Marking Criteria – Academic Essay Content 1. Topic clearly articulated 2. Topic discussed as per essay description provided 3. Topic analysed in light of current literature 4. Evidence of familiarity with relevant literature and theory Structure 5. Appropriate introduction provided that clearly articulates the topic 6. Main ideas clearly and logically presented 7. Appropriate conclusion provided that summarises the key findings/ideas 8. Relevant literature used properly Subtotal: Yes / 85 No Partial Written Expression 9. Third person writing style used 10. Fluent writing style used with correct spelling, grammar and punctuation Presentation 11. Presentation guidelines followed as specified in the Academic Skills Guide 12. Word count within 10% of requirement Referencing 13. In-text referencing guidelines followed as specified in the Academic Skills Guide, and if not covered in the ASG then by the APA convention (6th edition) 14. List of references provided as outlined in the Academic Skills Guide, and if not covered by the ASG then by the APA convention (6th edition) Subtotal: / 15 Total Mark: /100 Weighted Scale: / 50 Grade: Unit Overview 7 Introduction to Psychology Comments: Unit Overview 8 Introduction to Psychology Assignment 2 Assignment Type Weighting Word Count Week Due Academic Essay 50 2000 11 Choose one of the areas listed below. Identify and critically evaluate the role of internal and external factors in relation to this area. 1. Sensation/Perception – e. g. physical vs. psychological 2. Motivation – e. g. intrinsic vs. extrinsic 3. Intelligence – e. g. nature vs. nurture 4. Learning – e. g. the role of external vs. internal rewards Your essay should include: A clear articulation of your chosen topic A discussion of the topic as outlined in the essay descriptions above An analysis of the topic in light of current literature Unit Overview 9 Introduction to Psychology Outstanding Very good Good Satisfactory Not Satisfactory Marking Criteria – Academic Essay Content 1. Topic clearly articulated 2. Topic discussed as per essay description provided 3. Topic analysed in light of current literature 4. Evidence of familiarity with relevant literature and theory Structure 5. Appropriate introduction provided that clearly articulates the topic 6. Main ideas clearly and logically presented 7. Appropriate conclusion provided that summarises the key findings/ideas 8. Relevant literature used properly Subtotal: Yes / 85 No Partial Written Expression 9. Third person writing style used 10. Fluent writing style used with correct spelling, grammar and punctuation Presentation 11. Presentation guidelines followed as specified in the Academic Skills Guide 12. Word count within 10% of requirement Referencing 13. In-text referencing guidelines followed as specified in the Academic Skills Guide, and if not covered in the ASG then by the APA convention (6th edition) 14. List of references provided as outlined in the Academic Skills Guide, and if not covered by the ASG then by the APA convention (6th edition) Subtotal: / 15 Total Mark: /100 Weighted Scale: / 50 Grade: Unit Overview 10 Introduction to Psychology Comments: Unit Overview 1 Introduction to Psychology Assignment support and information Important and valuable information about completing your assignments can be found in the following places: Academic skills guide – found in the ‘Student Resources’ section of my. acap Study skills guide – found in the ‘Student Resources’ secti on of my. acap the ‘Learning Support’ section of the ‘Current Students’ part of the ACAP website All assignments are to be submitted online through my. acap. You can find more information on the assignment process on the ‘Assessment Information’ section of the ‘Current Students’ part of the ACAP website. Unit Overview 12

Answer Each of the 5-Questions Which Will Be Uploaded Essay

Answer Each of the 5-Questions Which Will Be Uploaded - Essay Example In addition, the important American value of personal space and freedom of movement are likewise reflected and embodied in the sports car, as the defining cultural values for their consumption by Americans (Ikerd). For watches the factors of nonverbal communication that are key from a marketing perspective relate to the communication of wearer personality, values, hobbies, and earning capacity and wealth. There is substantial segment of the market for instance that caters to the luxury watch as an important non-verbal signal of wealth and prestige, and personality and values are related to the way watches that are marketed for more pragmatic and more efficiency-focused individuals reflect those aspects in non-verbal ways, through an emphasis on functionality, on attributes such as durability and technical capabilities. A market segment meanwhile buys watches based on attributes such as personal style and fun, and those are also ideally reflected in the kinds of fun watches that they buy. Those non-verbal communication cues are therefore relevant to this segment of the market (Klara). For laundry detergents on the other hand, the nonverbal factors of communication that are most relevant relate to cleaning power, efficiency, care of clothes and hands, and brand power to a certain extent, as well as price. These factors are embodied either explicitly or implicitly in discussions about strategies for the Tide brand for instance (Ng and Ziobro). One is the admiration of nature, where the current and emerging markers tend towards that over the contrary value of the conquest of nature, which is marked as the traditional American value. The book got this wrong because one can argue from the lack of more vigorous concern for climate change implies that more people still prefer overcoming nature to admiring it and fixing its long-term problems. Two is performance versus

Diabetes and Evidence-based Nursing Research Paper

Diabetes and Evidence-based Nursing - Research Paper Example The day following his admission, his blood sugar level was more than 999. As a patient advocate, I was concerned for the patient’s treatment and I approached the patient and his wife about seeking a second opinion from an Endocrinologist. I recommended this with the hope of ensuring that they would gain the best possible care for the patient’s condition. The couple agreed and several weeks later returned to thank me for making the recommendation. The patient was diagnosed by the Endocrinologist with Flatbush Diabetes which is a rare form of diabetes presenting among African-American males. It calls for insulin administration for a short period of time and later to be shifted to oral diabetic medications. When untreated, it can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis. The nursing situation in this case is based on the appropriate care of the diabetic patient, on the assistance given in the administration of the patient medications, and on the monitoring of the patient’s vit al signs, diet, blood sugar levels, and blood pressure. Since the patient’s blood sugar levels were not sufficiently being lowered by the oral medications, the nursing role extends to patient advocacy – helping protect the rights of patients and ensuring that they receive the best possible care. ... B. Description of Medical/health Condition Insulin is the hormone which regulates the uptake of glucose from the blood into the cells of the body (Medical News 2011). Deficient insulin or issues with its receptors therefore play a crucial role in the manifestation and development of diabetes mellitus. Most carbohydrates in food are broken down into monosaccharide glucose, which is the main carbohydrate which is found in the blood and used as fuel by the body (Medical News, 2011). When blood glucose levels in the body are high, insulin is released in the blood by the beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Insulin is then utilized by the body’s cells in order to absorb glucose from the blood and use as fuel, and later for conversion to other molecules, and for storage (Medical News, 2011). Insulin also serves as the control signal for the conversion of glucose to glycogen for internal storage in the liver and the muscle cells. Decreased glucose level leads to re duced release of insulin. This then leads to the reverse conversion of glycogen to glucose. Glucose is mostly managed by the glucagon which then acts in opposition to insulin. Glucose recovered by the liver is re-introduced into the bloodstream; the muscle cells do not have the necessary capacity for export (Medical News, 2011). Significant insulin levels highlight the anabolic processes, including cell growth and duplication, protein synthesis, and fat storage. Insulin serves as the main signal in the conversion of bidirectional processes of metabolism from the catabolic to the anabolic direction, and vice versa (Medical News, 2011). In effect, low insulin levels trigger the onset of

Unit 49 - Dementia Essay Example for Free

Unit 49 Dementia Essay I have been working for a while in the Nursing Home and I have met patients with different situations. We have been dealing with more Nursing residents but getting to know with Dementia patients is very interesting. I have met Mrs. E which had been discharged from the hospital. She couldn’t communicate properly on what she wants, even her family are having a problem to recognize the things she liked and wants. It was a challenge for us to help her in her daily personal hygiene and especially eating and drinking. When she arrived we tried to comfort her and made comfortable. Her family was very supportive in her care but it’s very hard to predict what she really wants. We checked her weight, as the process of checking if what they need for their nutrition. Mrs. E had been spitting out food at meal times so we have tried to give her sweet drinks to divert her attention with the food. During the past days we have been trying to identify on how to communicate with her through different ways until we tried to hold her hands while eating to keep her calm. Because of the Dementia Mrs. E had, she had lost weight for the past days because she didn’t have good nutrition and until when she’s a bit settled in her new home, she has been eating well. With the assessment of the Nurse, her diet was then changed to soft. She is able to swallow her food straight away without chewing more that makes her more agitated. Her diet was changed because she don’t like to use her dentures, she don’t want anything that bothers her in her mouth. Mrs. E was admitted to the hospital because of poor nutrition caused by her Dementia. She wasn’t eating and drinking very well until she was settled in the home where she had been attended to by the carers regularly. We gave her different kinds of food, until we gave her the food that she likes to swallow. So now we knew that she likes soft foods like mousse, ice cream and anything sweet. It was emotionally very good to Mrs. E because it will make her calmer and settled if we have achieved to give her what she wanted. When she first came to the Home, Mrs. E is very unsettled. With her shouting and crying, other residents had been affected with her in the dining room. I wasn’t a very good atmosphere for Mrs E and the other residents and affected them so much in their meals. Some of them just go out without eating because of her in the dining room shouting. Since then we tried to make changes with the meal times and until we make her settled. We have to give her more attention, because when you just leave her and try to serve others she will then started to make cries and shouts because she can hear the noise in the dining room in which she don’t know what to do and made her agitated. So we have to give her more time to have her meal, along with those who need assistance with their food. Person-centred care played a very important role in Mrs E’s stay in the Home. We have been trying many ways on how we could communicate with her on what she wants to do, especially with her food. It helped the carers to recognize the wants of Mrs E with her food and gave the kitchen staff the list she is having and the kind of drinks she is taking. She wanted to have a quiet environment during meal times to make her calmer. With the families helped in the history of Mrs E, it was a great helped in assessing the right kind of care to be given to her. The way she deals with her personal hygiene, to the likes of her dress and the kind of food she wants. Through the care plan the carers have the basis of the thing they need to assist Mrs E in her care. It helped us in the care we give her and the food she’s having. I have met Mr L, who has been admitted at the Home and his daughter gave us his life’s history prior to his stroke. He wasn’t been eating and drinking he was not very well. That’s why his family decided to have him in the home to be taken care by the carers. We have been helping Him in the morning with his personal care as due to the stroke Mr L couldn’t move his left side very well. He could still immobilised himself through standing but with a help by us. He was very kind man but the problem is he is not eating very well. As we have seen in His care plan that we need to encourage him to eat and drink. Through the helped of His daughter we learned that because of his dementia he always forget the time of the day when he is still leaving on his own until He was not feeling well because He had no proper nutrition that He needs. Dealing his personal centred care we ask Him what time he usually eats breakfast, lunch and dinner and what kind of drinks He wants. He told us that He prefers to eat his meals in His room, because He was a writer before, he is just fund of reading books and papers. After a while in His stay at the Home he gets better, by giving Him the food at the right time and by helping Him with eating and drinking. As the result of this learning it has been very challenging in dealing this kind sickness. I know that we are not having full dementia unit but I am looking forward to learn more and to apply the things that I have learned in the different areas of Dementia.

Morrie Schwartz Essay -- essays research papers

Tuesdays with Morrie by Mitch Albom is a true story of an old man and his way of dealing with the knowledge that he is slowly dying, and a disease is taking over his body. Morrie Schwartz was Mitch Alboms college professor more than twenty years ago. We are first introduced to Morrie while Mitch is flipping through the television channels and suddenly hears Morrie’s name. Mitch had not heard from his from professor for years and had not tried to get in touch with the professor, so the news he heard next from the screen was a shock. Morrie Schwartz, his college professor had been diagnosed with Amyotrophic Lateral Scierosis or (ALS) an incurable and fatal disease that takes over your nervous system. It is also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease after a famous baseball player who fell victim to it. There is no cure for ALS at this time and treatment is focused on management of the symptoms, involving a combination of physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech, respiratory, and nutritional therapies. Moderate exercise may help maintain muscle strength and function. Drugs can also treat excessive saliva and drooling, and speech therapy can help compensate for loss of muscular control of the mouth. As the disease progresses and muscular degeneration spreads throughout the body, various devices may provide support, such as ankle braces, neck collars, reclining chairs, wheelchairs, and hospital beds. Respiratory support and feeding tubes are required when the person loses cont...

Apple Computer Case Analysis Essay

I. Executive Summary Apple was formed by two college dropout students: Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs with the motto of â€Å"Think Differently†. Wozniak, the true technical mind behind the building process of Apple’s early computers, spent the summer of 1976 building the company’s very first computer, the Apple I.2 Meanwhile, Jobs began creating advertisements and found a buyer for the computer. The two Steves were able to build and sell fifty Apple I computers—all from within the confined space of the Jobs family’s single-car garage. This would mark the first of many successful products to come from the company. Later that time, Wozniak and Jobs began building the Apple II with the help of a few technically-savvy friends and classmates. It was at this time that Jobs first realized his true passion for the burgeoning computer industry. To fuel this passion, Jobs consulted with retired Intel Corporation marketing manager Michael Markkula regarding the possible future of Apple Computer. During this consultation, Markkula worked with Jobs in coming up with a solid business plan and even purchased one-third of the company for $250,000. After the success of the Apple I and Apple II, the company began work on the Apple III, which turned out to be their very first project failure. The Apple III proved to be an early sign of disagreements-to-come between the president Michael Scott and Steve Jobs. In fact, Scott laid-off 40 employees after the Apple III’s failure—without any consultation or approval from the Board of Directors. Because of his abrupt actions, Scott was demoted to vice chairman, while Jobs was promoted to chairman. Markkula, who had originally hired Scott, took over as Apple’s new CEO. Scott officially resigned from Apple in March of 1981. In the early 1980s, Steve Wozniak left the company and Steve Jobs hired John Sculley as the President of the company. After facing many failures, Apple launched its Macintosh computers for house hold users. With improvements in the GUI, the Macintosh became a â€Å"possibility box† for companies developing similar products.14 Enhancing some features from the Lisa, the Macintosh implemented a desktop, mouse, graphical file system, icons, bit-mapped graphics, menu bar navigation, applications running inside windows, and more. The Macintosh laid the foundation for the entire computer industry. The true look and feel of personal computers today can be attributed to the early design features of the Macintosh. The Macintosh, however, did not dominate the consumer market as the company had hoped. In mid 1980s, Steve Jobs had to leave the company because of his controversial relations with the president. At that time John Sculley rejected the offer of Microsoft‘s CEO, Bill Gates to license the Macintosh operating system to Microsoft. After this refusal, Gates developed DOS operating system and in late 1980s, thecompetition between DOS and Macintosh decreased Apple’s sale, workforce and resignation of John Sculley. So, Apple’s current CEO planned to purchase NextStep operating system of Jobs in order to improve the Macintosh operating system. In late90s Jobs again became the CEO of the company and be started surprising relations with Microsoft by developing a Macintosh version of office software. Apple also took cost saving measures like streamlining the product line, production of printers. Under Jobs, Apple again becomes the innovator of computer market. His leadership leads the company to USBand Firewire ports, introduction of iPod and iTunes website put Apple in the digital computing age. Apple manages its business on geographic locations. Apple’s sale is continuously growing. In the era of 2000, Apple made one bold move and that was to open retail stores in USA which somehow increased its sales. Its most impressive and fastest growing market is of iPod line of digital music players and iTunes music store website. The three major competitors of Apple are Dell, Hewlett-Packard and IBM, however Apple also competes with Microsoft in software industry. Dell is the largest computer manufacturer with extremely low cost production strategy. Dell has entered the in the line of music against Apple by its Jukebox. Hewlett Packard is a big brand name and leading provider of technology. Apple combined with IBM enjoyed profit jointly but now Lenovo took over IBM and become a competitor of Apple. Overall, Apple is continuously growing and its future seems bright. With the slight change in their strategies, they can become giants in technology industry. II. Statement of the Problem * How Apple can provide differentiated products with low cost in order to maximize its market share? III. Alternative Courses of Action A. Continue without any change B. Go for strategic alliance for producing specific products especially microprocessors C. Go for customized products D. Product Differentiation IV. Discussions of Alternatives A. Continue without any change If Apple continues without any change, then they can still produce innovative products, offer a high quality and exceptionally elegant designs and personalized services and also, they maintain their patrons and loyal customers by satisfying them with their products. They could also focus themselves more in their ipod and desktop sales while formulating for a better PC unit that will outsale their major competitors. But the downside of this is that if they will continue with this, they will still have a low market share, high operation and marketing costs, lacks the emphasis on the marketing scene of the company and also the gap between the giant companies will still be evident and might be extended. B. Go for strategic alliance for producing specific products especially microprocessors If Apple decides to go for strategic alliance –specifically with intel– for producing specific products especially microprocessors, then they will have a chance to reduce their costs since intel microprocessors are cheaper, faster and had lower power consumption. This would be perfect for producing computers especially portable ones because this is one important element that a computer must possess. There would also be a reduction in the product development process because they will work hand in hand with their ally. This means that half of the development and production will be worked by your partner company. Of course, sharing of resources will be put into practice and this would definitely decrease cost. The only problem in working hand in hand is that there’s a possibility of contradicting cultures of the company especially with their workplace relationship, their differentiated norms and the like. Privacy of developing innovative products will be slightly affected as well since they are supervising each other freely. But in contrast to all of that, Compatibility issues would also be resolved since the partner company can develop a program that is compatible with Mac and other existing OS. In result to this, this would totally increase the profit margin of Apple. C. Go for customized products If Apple will decide on the alternative to go for customized product then the targeted niche will be highly satisfied. Customers will of course go to what they prefer so this would increase their market share. They could also understand the changing environment easily since they are giving focus on customers’ preferences and there would be no new channels need to be introduced for sales. Some disadvantages of this are that cost will extensively increase. It would also be difficult to cater all requirements of the customers along with innovation. Chance of ambiguity will increase as well and this would be a negative effect to the brand name and because of this ambiguity, chances of failure may tend to increase. D. Product Differentiation Product differentiation is a viable strategy, especially if the company exploits the conceptual distinctions for product differentiation. There is economic value in that strategy. The primary economic value of the said strategy comes from reducing environmental threats. The cost of product differentiation acts as a barrier to entry, thus reducing the threat to new entrants. Not only does the company bear the cost of standard business, it also must bear the costs associated with overcoming the differentiation inherent in the incumbent. Since the companies pursue niche markets, there is a reduced threat of rivalry among industry competitors. A company’s more differentiated product will appear more attractive relative to the substitutes, thus reducing the threat of substitutes. V. Conclusion According to the current situation, the best strategy or alternative for apple is â€Å"Go for strategic alliance†. Its reason is that no doubt Apple is going fine now but for future growth it is must to create something new and stylish while keeping the cost optimized. This does not mean that Apple start making whole product with the collaboration, instead they have to go for alliance in making high cost products. This will help Apple in optimizing cost and development process with innovation. Somehow, a problem of conflict will occur but manageable. Nowadays, to sustain and compete in the market companies go for strategic alliances just to reduce the cost and gain high profit margins. So, Apple should go for this strategy VI. Recommendations The Apple brand, the company’s innovative capabilities, the quality of its marketing strategy, and continued success in building strategic partnerships are likely to determine the outcome of the company’s forays into the music, mobile phone, and video-on-demand businesses. Apple’s commitments and actions should be integrated and coordinated to exploit the company’s core competencies, strengthen its competitive advantage, and maximize value. The analysis reveals that, to secure strategic success, it will remain important for Apple Computer to be fanatically protective of the Apple brand image and adequately invest in the company’s competitive advantages in innovation and marketing. Some suggestions for achieving this include: * Carefully manage brand exposure. * Continually invest in research and development to stay ahead of and lead radical product and technology discoveries. * Enhancement of existing products in all areas (computer hardware and peripherals, consumer electronics products, mobile communication devices, systems software, applications software, networking and communications software and solutions, and Internet services and solutions) will maximize the value and the life of products. However, Apple needs to know when to engage in planned obsolescence to take advantage of the company’s market leader status. * Maintain and upgrade design appeal to reduce the prospect of new entrants. * The company needs to constantly assess if it is moving away from internal strengths or extending its reach too far beyond its known and manageable markets. * Vigilant management of costs – to maintain pricing flexibility and improve competitive position relative to low-priced competitors. * Leverage Apple’s 70% share in the music market to strengthen the performance of other applications. * Develop the top management team and a succession strategy to reduce over-dependence on one individual to advance the interests of the company. With Apple’s growth strategy, it is likely that Jobs will soon be stretched too thinly, if he is not already.

Communicatoin theory

Explain what is meant y narrowband FM and wideband FM using the expression? 3. Explain any two techniques of demodulation of FM. 4. Explain the working of reactance tube modulator and derive an expression to show how the variation of the amplitude of the input signal changes the frequency of the output signal of the modulator. 5. Draw the frequency spectrum of FM and explain. Explain how Varactor diode can be used for frequency modulation. 6. Discuss the indirect method of generating a wide-band FM signal. 7. Draw the circuit diagram of Foster-Seelay discriminator and explain its working.Define internal noise. 2. Define shot noise. 3. Define thermal noise. 4. Define narrow band noise. 5. Define noise fgure. 6. Define noise equivalent bandwidth. 7. Define a random variable. Specify the sample space and the random variable for a coin tossing experiment. 8. What is white noise? Give its characteristics. 9. When is a random process called deterministic? 10. Define flicker noise. 11 . Sta te the reasons for higher noise in mixers. 1 . Derive the effective noise temperature of a cascade amplifier and explain how various noises are generated in the method of representing them. Explain the following terms (i) Random variable (it) Random process (iii)Gaussian process 3. Explain how various noises are generated and the method of representing them. 4. Write notes on noise temperature and noise figure. 5. Derive the noise figure for cascade stages. 6. What is narrowband noise? Discuss the properties of the quadrature components of a narrowband noise? 7. Write short notes on thermal noise and short noise. 8. Explain in detail about white and filtered noise.Define image frequency. 3. Define Tracking 4. What is meant by FOM of a receiver? 5. What is threshold effect? 6. Draw the Phasor representation of FM noise. 8. Define SNR. 9. What is the SNR at the output of DSB system with coherent demodulation? 10. Define CSNR. 1 1 . What is sensitivity and selectivity of receiver? 1 . Explain the working of Super heterodyne receiver with its parameters. 2. Discuss the noise performance of AM system using envelope detection. 3. Compare the noise performance of AM and FM systems. 4. Calculate the noise power of a DSB-SC system using coherent detection. Discuss in detail the noise performance in SSB-SC receiver. 6. Explain the significance of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis in FM system. 7. Derive the noise power spectral density of the FM demodulation and explain its performance with diagram. 8. a. Draw the block diagram of FM demodulator and explain the effect of noise in detail. b. Explain the FM threshold effect and capture effect in FM. UNIT V INFORMATION THEORY 1. What is prefix code? 2. Define information rate. 3. What is channel capacity of binary synchronous channel with error probability of 4.State channel coding theorem. . Define entropy for a discrete memory less source. 6. What is code redundancy? 7. Write down the formula for the mutual information. 8. Na me the source coding techniques. 9. What is Data compaction? 10. Write the expression for code efficiency in terms of entropy. PART-B (16 Marks) 1 . Explain the significance of the entropy H(XN) of a communication system where X is the transmitter and Y is the receiver. 2. An event has six possible outcomes with probabilities Find the entropy of the system. 3.Discuss Source coding theorem, give the advantage and disadvantage of channel oding in detail, and discuss the data compaction. 4. Explain the properties of entropy and with suitable example, explain the entropy of binary memory less source. 5. Five symbols of the alphabet of discrete memory less source and their probabilities are given below. the symbols using Huffman coding. 6. Write short notes on Differential entropy, derive the channel capacity theorem and discuss the implications of the information capacity theorem. 7. What do you mean by binary symmetric channel? Derive channel capacity formula for symmetric channel. . C onstruct binary optical code for the following probability symbols using Huffman procedure and calculate entropy of the source, average code Length, efficiency, redundancy and variance?

Platinum Essays - Chemical Elements, Transition Metals, Noble Metals

Platinum Essays - Chemical Elements, Transition Metals, Noble Metals Platinum subject = Chemistry title = Platinum Platinum is a relatively rare, chemically inert, metallic element. It symbol is Pt, atomic number is 78, and its atomic weight is 195.09. Platinum is one of the heaviest substances known. One cubic foot of Platinum weighs 21 times as much as a cubic foot of water. A grayish-white metal, Platinum has a melting point of 1772 degrees C and a realatively high boiling point of 3827 degrees C. It has a high fusing point, is ductile and malleable, expands slightly upon heating, and has high electrical resistance. Platinum is seldom used in its pure stage because it is too soft. The third most ductile metal, it can be drawn into a thread one twenty thousandth part of an inch in thickness. It is extremely resistant to attack by air, water, single acids and ordinary reagents, but does dissolve in hot aqua regia, a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids. Platinum has the unusual property of being able to absorb large amounts of hydrogen at ordinary temperatures and resist it at high temperatures. The first mention of Platinum occurs in the writings of an Italian physician and poet named Julius Caesar Salinger in 1557. A hieroglypic character made froma grain of Platinum dated back to the 7th century. Credit for discovery of Platinum has been given to Don Antonio de Ulloa, a young lieutenant in the Spanish Navy. The metal was referred to as the "platina de Pinto", meaning the siver like metal from the Pinto River. The first thorough study of Platinum was conductd in1750 by the English physician William Brownrigg. Brownrigg noted that Platinum was heavier and even more chemically inert than Gold was. Platinum forms useful alloys with many other metals, including Iridium, Palladium, Rhodium, Ruthenium, Osmium, Gold, Nickel, Cobalt, and Tungsten. At high temperatures Platinum also reacts with Chlorine, Fluorine, Phosphorus, Arsenic and Sulfur. Among the transition metals, Platinum has the greatest tendencies to bond directly with Carbon. Platinum is used extensively in modern industrial society because of its chemical inertness, high melting point, and extraordinary catalytic properties. platinum is valuable for laboratory apparatus, such as tongs, combustion boats, crucibles and evaoporating dishes. It is also used for thermometers in furnaces, for electrodes in making quantitative chemical analyses, and for corrosion and heat-resistant instruments. Platinum is used extensively in the jewelry industry for setting diamonds and other precious stones. Rocket and jet engine parts often contain Platinum alloys because they must withstand high temperatures for long periods of time. At petroleum refineries, finely divided Platinum is used as a catalyst in upgrading the octane of gasoline. In automobiles, converters containing Platinum-Palladium alloys reduce air pollution from exhaust gases. High quality optical glass for television picture tubes and eyeglasses is melted in pots lined with nonreactive Platinum alloys. A form of Platinu m,cisplatin, stops cancer cell division and disrupts its growth pattern.

The Many Ways of Via

The Many Ways of Via The Many Ways of â€Å"Via† The Many Ways of â€Å"Via† By Mark Nichol Via, the Latin word for â€Å"way, is also the basis of many words, many of them disguised, that refer to movement or the way things move (or act). This post lists and defines terms derived from via. In English, via itself often replaces â€Å"by way of† in writing in reference to traveling, though it is seldom employed in conversation. Words in which via is the first element include viaduct, which describes a raised watercourse, and viaticum, which refers to an allowance or provisions for a journey, or the ritual offering of Communion given to someone on the verge of death (the plural is viaticums or viatica). A viatical settlement (the phrase is sometimes simplified to viatical) is an insurance agreement pertaining to a death benefit. Voyage, too, stems from via by way of French. Someone who voyages is a voyager; the French equivalent, voyageur, describes someone employed to transport goods for a fur-trapping company, especially in colonial Canada. Other words derived from via include deviate (literally, â€Å"turn out of the way†), which means â€Å"differ from the norm† or â€Å"leave the expected course.† As a noun, the word describes a sexual pervert, though deviant is more commonly employed for that meaning; deviant is also an adjective in this context, while devious describes someone who is cunning or deceitful (although it is used, albeit rarely, as a synonym for errant, roundabout, or remote). Deviation describes a departure or difference, and deviance pertains to perversion. Convey and convoy (â€Å"with way†) both refer to carrying away, but to convey is to bear, deliver, impart, or pass, while convoy means â€Å"accompany,† especially for protection, and as a noun refers to the act of accompanying for protection, or one or more people or things that provide such protection, usually in the context of a group of vehicles or vessels. An envoy (â€Å"way in†) is a messenger or a representative from one government to another; the word may refer to someone with a particular diplomatic rank. It may also pertain to concluding remarks to a poem, song, or other composition, though the French spelling envoi is usually employed in that sense. Invoice, meanwhile, is not related to voice; it stems from the otherwise obsolete â€Å"message† sense of envoi. Pervious (â€Å"way through†) means â€Å"accessible† or â€Å"permeable,† though its antonym, impervious, is much more common. Previous (â€Å"way before†), meanwhile, means â€Å"prior† or, rarely, â€Å"premature.† An instance of being previous is previousness, and the adverbial form is previously. To obviate (â€Å"get in the way of†) is to prevent or to make unnecessary (an act of doing so is obviation), while obvious means â€Å"easily seen or understood,† and the noun form is obviousness. Quadrivium (â€Å"four ways†) and trivium (â€Å"three ways†) refer to the division of the seven classical literal arts. (The former comprises arithmetic, astronomy, geometry, and music, and the latter consists of grammar, logic, and rhetoric.) Trivium also, in Latin, referred to a three-way crossing, where information might be posted- or passed on by travelers meeting at the intersection. From that idea, English acquired trivia, meaning â€Å"inconsequential information.† The adjective trivial pertains to such information but also has the broader senses of unimportant and ordinary; to portray something substantial as trivial is to trivialize it, and the noun form triviality denotes the quality or state of being trivial or something trivial. (Trifle, meaning something trivial and the name of a type of dessert, though it appears as if it could be related to trivial, is actually from an Anglo-French word, by way of Old English, meaning nonsense.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Math or Maths?On Behalf Of vs. In Behalf Of50 Words with Alternative Spellings

The Basic Beliefs and Ideas of Aristotle Assignment

The Basic Beliefs and Ideas of Aristotle - Assignment Example This essay discusses Greek philosopher Aristotle, who was the most brilliant student of Plato. After completing his education, he made his own school known as Aristotle’s Lyceum in Athens that can provide quality education to all students. Aristotle’s major beliefs and ideas were based on different subjects including poetry, mathematics, logic, music, biology, zoology, government, ethics, politics, linguistics, theatre, metaphysics and rhetoric. This Greek philosopher was the most prominent figure in the western history. He has influenced the perception of the western civilization and world at the micro level. His notable ideas that famous all around the words includes Passion, Syllogism, Golden mean, Reason and Logic. He is the first founder of two principals’ logic and biology. In addition this, Aristotle produces the new perception about the diversity of human beings known as Aristotle’s Enhanced Hierarchy of Beings. This hierarchy makes a chain and sta rts from least to the greatest. It includes primary matter, four elements, inanimate objects, organic objects, animals, humans and God. Also, he gave different ideas for optics, chance and spontaneity, universals and particulars, classification of living things, the influence on Hellenistic drugs, empirical research program and much more. Aristotle beliefs and ideas remarkably changed the perception of western and world and played a huge role in the development of the world. His influential, philosophical and theological thinking still has a great impact on Christians.

Business organization Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business organization - Assignment Example The structure of organisation can be of four types namely, functional, horizontal, divisional and that of matrix. The functional structure is also recognised as ‘vertical dimension’. This kind of organisation is based on people who have the power to make decision in the organisation. The ‘span of control’ is the vital part in this type of organisation. The span of control can be recognised as the number of employees who have the power to give report to the boss inside the organisational hierarchy. This is based on the status and management system of the organisation (Fontaine, 2007). The status plays important role in this organisational structure. As there are many hierarchical levels it is quite difficult for lower level employee or manager to report to high level person with high status because each level has its own rules and regulations. The decision making process is quite slow as the communication has to pass through different levels of the organisation and approval is needed in every level. The interaction between high level managers and employees is less compared to flat organisational structure. Higher cost is required in tall structure because the decision making process is too slow. As the managers have limited workers under them, they can supervise or train them more effectively. In tall structure there is opportunity of improvement or promotion in career. For example, General Motors, an American automotive manufacturing company has tall organisation structure. It has almost 12–16 levels between the top to the bottom level. Thus, the managers in General Motors have ‘narrow span of control’ i.e. there is approximately 5–6 workers who can give statement to any individual manager. A large number of organizational levels can lead to job insecurity of workers and loss of professional skill (Fontaine, 2007). Flat organisational structure: In this organisational structure, there is less hierarchical level. Thus, the manager possess ‘wide span of control’. The manager builds good social relationship and establishes friendly environment which can confer power to the staffs. Source: (Fontaine, 2007). Flat organisational structure assists in higher level of interaction between staffs and managers. Thus, the process of communication is usually faster, reliable and much efficient compared to tall organisation structure. The leaders tend to be more democratic in nature and thus it leads to superior level of innovation. This type of organisational structure is more elastic and compliant compared to taller structure. The decision is not based on the status of the manager. It is based on need of the people. The employees possess more power to arrive at a decision instantly. Faster decision provides the organisation, high level of liveliness and mobility. The flat

Social Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Social Psychology - Essay Example the study o f how behavior due to one sort of environmental event (larger distant or abstract rewards) may come to dominate behavior due to another sort (smaller immediate or particular rewards)†(Rachlin,2000,p.25).Self discipline is also a concept, which is closely related to self control. It is taming oneself, to live a certain way of life. This concept is mainly incorporated by the person in his life, when he wants to achieve a particular task. Mostly, self control is seen as an individual trait and as a measure of self discipline. If a person lacks self control, it is seen as a failure of his character and personality. Self control is the capability of a person to motivate him to do the right thing. It can also be described as stopping ourselves form doing things that we see as bad for us. Self control constitutes a fundamental aspect of human behavior. Self discipline is another name for self control, without which the life of individuals would lead to chaos. Every habit embedded in the human mind is the result of continuous action .So by controlling a behavior he can form or avoid a habit. It can be very well said that, self control is the strong foundation for the building of character in a person. The degree to which an individual think he has control over the events happening to him, is termed as locus of control. â€Å"Internal versus external control, often referred to as locus of control, refers to the degree to which persons expect that reinforcement or an outcome of the behavior is contingent on their own behavior or personal characteristics versus the degree to which person expect that the reinforcement or outcome is a function of chance, luck or fate, is under the control of powerful other, or is simply unpredictable†(Scrimla,Grimaldi ,2002,p.381).People having high locus of control, have a better control on their behavior and desires. These people direct their life in their own designed path, with their own controlled actions and behavior.

The Contemporary Context of Educational Change Essay Example for Free

The Contemporary Context of Educational Change Essay If there ever was a time in which schools could operate in isolation, that time has long since vanished. There are now many actors and players who would like their say in shaping what is taught, to whom, and how, and who want to take a lead on the education stage. Some will have greater authenticity than others, but none will be capable to lead on their own. The leadership tapestry is multifaceted, rich and ever changing. Leadership is more than a role-based function assigned to, or attained by one person in an organization who uses his or her power to influence the actions of others. It extends beyond the instantaneous school community, embracing those numerous actors on the wider leadership stage—governments, trade unions, school districts and businesses—recognizing the diverse roles which they play. Orton, J. and Weick, K. E. (1990)description of educational organizations as â€Å"loosely coupled systems â€Å"is a third image of the university that still captures the frustrations of deans and college and university presidents who often describe managing change in higher education as â€Å"herding cats†. School leadership is a way of influencing others through communication. Yet it took half a century before researchers stopped up looking at the traits of leaders and began to think concerning the leadership situation itself. Since then a lot of work has been done on how people become leaders as well as how they can best influence followers, how they can develop teacher and student morale, and how they can better the performances of staff members as well as the children they serve. A recent survey of the research agreed on these points: 1. Leadership is not domination or compulsion of others but the encouragement of efforts to achieve communal goals; and 2. Leadership promotes change but it can also oppose change when it feels itself susceptible (G. Egan, 1990, pp. 48-49). The idea of leadership as a network of relationships amongst people, structures and cultures, both within, and across organizational boundaries has been re-affirmed. The numerous actors are drawn together in quest of the education reform agenda: an agenda that has focused to a great extent on schools. Increasingly, governments of different persuasions have shared the belief that the macro-problems of the state and society can be addressed through improving the micro-efficiency of the school. As a consequence, schools have been assigned the task of righting a range of social and economic ills—a role which numerous would argue is beyond the capability of schools to achieve. â€Å"Rising national expectations about schools have been accompanied by reduced teacher autonomy and increasing demands for higher performance—of teachers, as well as of pupils† (MacBeath, Moos and Riley 1996, 223-50). One of the fundamental areas of agreement between researchers who have investigated educational change concerns the powerful impact of head teachers on processes related to school effectiveness and school improvement. Research identifies consistently that those schools which have demonstrated the capacity to improve themselves, tend to be led by head teachers who have made a significant contribution to the effectiveness of their staff. â€Å"Whatever else is disputed about this complex area of activity known as school improvement, the centrality of leadership in the achievement of school level change remains unequivocal† (West Jackson 2001). This should not surprise us—â€Å"it is now more than twenty years since leadership was identified as one of the key components of ‘good schools’ by Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Schools in England. HMI stated that without exception, the most important single factor in the success of these schools is the quality of the leadership of the head† (DES 1977:36). In particular, the local management of schools has resulted in the head teacher becoming a manager of systems and budgets as well as a leader of colleagues. In addition, the increasingly competitive environment in which schools operate has placed a much greater emphasis upon the need to raise standards and to improve school outcomes. One of the major growth areas of the burgeoning management development field has been head teacher training. While much of this training has been narrowly focused and competency driven, it has nonetheless, reinforced the centrality of the head’s role in leading school development and improvement. This broadening of interest in, and understanding of, the head’s leadership role parallels the pattern of development of leadership theory generally. In the UK the adoption of local management of schools has come from a belief in the relationship between decentralization and enhanced school effectiveness. In particular, the shift towards the self-management of schools has been premised upon the assumption that management decisions are more likely to be effective if they are located within the institution. This emphasis upon ‘self-management’ has been welcomed by many head teachers, primarily because of the possibility it offers for increased control over policies and resources and expanded scope for leadership. â€Å"Management is therefore developing as a significant challenge to improve organizations and has become a key concern of many† (De Long Seeman 2000:33) What starts as freedom to move around budget items and resources, to alter and to develop new priorities, inevitably brings with it new staff management issues. Indeed, it may well be that it is not the technical skills of financial or resource management that we have to assimilate, but the rather more complex interpersonal skills needed to create support for new priorities amongst the staff group. â€Å"There are also evaluating acts, which measure staff decisions or accomplishments against organizational goals and standards. And finally, there is the diagnostic function, which seeks to point out sources of difficulties, problems that need to be resolved, and the steps that need to be taken to resolve them†. (Robert G. Owens, 2004, pp. 176-182). It is here, in the implementation of interpersonal skills in times of difficulty, as well as times of growth, that the leadership individuality of the head teacher will be tested. It may be that the current prominence within head teacher training focuses too much on the technical competencies of management, and not enough on the personal and interpersonal qualities that are expected to be needed as schools take increased accountability for improving themselves. Similarly, this focus on the relationship between leaders and work groups and the ways in which the leader can extend and harness the relationship has been replicated in the development of leadership theory usually—it is not a ‘school’ issue as such. â€Å"It has been widely argued that complex and dynamic changes, such as the ‘cultural’ changes that are required for sustained school improvement, are less likely to occur as a result of transactional leadership† (Burns 1978, Caldwell 1999). A model of leadership more similar with the requirement of cultural change is that of transformational leadership. This approach of leadership focuses on the people involved and their relationships, and needs an approach that seeks to change feelings, attitudes and beliefs. Transformational leaders not simply manage structure, but they resolutely seek to impact upon the culture of the school so as to change it. It has been argued that cultural transformation and all the related complexities that surround school-based change are at the core of school improvement. Consequently, both supposedly and conceptually, transformational leadership would emerge to be consistent with a desire to bring concerning school improvement, rather than just ‘change’ the school. Of course, while the centrality of leadership in this school improvement process is unquestionable, there is a matter over who the ‘leaders’ are in the interest of improvement efforts. There is a rising research literature that points towards the importance of leadership at all levels within the organization. For instance, the leadership role of what might be termed ‘middle managers’ has been recognized as important, for example, in explaining differential school effectiveness (Sammons et al. 1996; Harris et al. 1995). Likewise, there are increasing calls for and recognition of a leadership role for teachers in the context of their own areas of direct accountability. Yet there is some research evidence that suggests that there is an ever-growing segregate between ‘leaders’ and ‘followers’ as a consequence of the changes arising from the self-governance of schools (Wallace and Hall 1994). The strong managerially culture obvious in some schools has resistant the separateness of the senior management team and has claimed leadership as an activity for the few, rather than the many. Schools committed to continuous improvement found that such schools feel constrained by this formulation of leadership as a function of hierarchy and are moving beyond it. Instead, these schools enlarge both leadership and ‘followership’ as generally based functions within the culture of the school. Hopkins et al. 1994 noted that a school that looks to the head teacher as the sole source of direction and inspiration is relentlessly constrained in its development capacity. Yet school structures often support this rather limited view, imposing a hierarchy of roles over the real sharing of knowledge and skills. Most often linked with school improvement. In practice, this means that head teachers give others real authority and assist them to extend to be able to use this authority prudently. This means giving up the idea of structure as control, and viewing structure as the vehicle for authorizing others. But it is not easy to give up control. Even when goals are agreed, it is not all the time easy to trust others to use their own knowledge and skills to take change about. Yet trust is critical to support the leadership climate. The transformational approach is stranded in trust: â€Å"Trust is the essential link between leaders and led, vital to people’s job, status functions and loyalty, vital to fellowship. It is doubly important when organizations are reaching rapid improvement, which requires exceptional effort and competence, and doubly so again in organizations like schools that offer few motivators†. (Evans 1998:183) Labaree (1997) described the educational goals of democratic equality and social mobility as conflicting because they represent competing visions of education and the structure of education. He defined democratic equality as an ideological tradition â€Å"that sees schools as an expression of democratic political ideals and as a mechanism for preparing children to play constructive roles in democratic society† (p. 43). As he explained further, the pursuit of equal access, whereby everyone â€Å"should have an equal opportunity to acquire an education at any educational level† (p. 46), is one form of this goal. This goal has made attending a postsecondary education institution a norm, rather than an exception, for high school graduates. The result, Labaree argued, has been tremendous public funding support designed to open up all levels of education to everyone. Institutional ramifications include â€Å"the proliferation of programs and courses, the search for ways to improve pedagogical efficiency, the concern about enhancing administrative control, and the stress on fiscal parsimony† (p. 46). In contrast, Labaree (1997) defined the social mobility goal as providing â€Å"students with the educational credentials they need in order to get ahead in [the existing socioeconomic] structure† (p. 50). He saw this as an individual goal, rather than a collective goal, like democratic equality, because social mobility emphasizes â€Å"individual status attainment rather than the production of human capital† (p. 51, emphasis in the original). He saw the tension between equal access and social mobility as â€Å"providing an unlimited possibility for education attainment† (p. 69) so long as there is a â€Å"pyramid-shaped occupational structure† (p. 69). Social equity arguments for postsecondary education attainment combine the goals of access and of mobility, despite their apparent conflict. Labaree (1997) acknowledged that these two goals are expressed in â€Å"the market for educational credentials† (p. 71). Within school improvement it is often proposed that cultural transform (which supports new teacher collaborations, new teaching as well as learning processes that, in turn, lead to enhanced outcomes for students) desires to be a central focus of leadership studies. The types of school cultures most helpful of school improvement efforts appear to be those that are mutual, have high expectations for both students and staff, that show a consensus on values, that hold a secure environment and those which persuade all teachers to presume leadership roles suitable to their experience (Hallinger and Leithwood, 1996). In summary, the role of leadership in school improvement is to take about cultural change by altering the processes which occur within the structure and not inevitably to affect the structure itself. Work Cited Burns, J M, 1978, Leadership, New York, Harper and Row Caldwell, B J, 1999, Reinventing School Leadership for Lasting Reform in the Third Millennium. In The Life and Work of Teachers in Changing Times: International Perspectives, Day, C, Fernandez, T, Hague, T Moller, J (eds), London, Falmer Press De Long, D. and Seemann, P. (2000). Confronting conceptual confusion

gossip girl :: essays research papers

From this review: "Nothing I say in this review can bring justice to master storyteller Cecily Von Ziegesar, whose research comes from her own life as an upper eastside, New York City teen. She has a reality-based knack for bringing cigarette-and-pot smoking rich kids into three-dimensional color. As naughty as these characters seem on every page, they are revealed to be real kids wanting to fit into accepted, meaningful lives as much as sleek clothes..† Rich girl Blair Waldorf is about to discover what it’s like to not get her way. Almost seventeen, she has careful plans: to lose her virginity to steady beau Nate and get into Yale. But life has alternate designs. Her mom is marrying a bald-headed dweeb and his dreadlocked son and slobbery dog are moving in. While her mom plans her wedding on the day of Blair’s birthday, Nate starts dodging her instant messages. Blair’s worse fears are coming true : Nate is losing interest. Then she has a total breakdown at her Yale interview, resorting to tears and cheek-kissing – humiliating herself and blowing any chance of getting in. In the meantime, Blair’s ex best friend, perfect-girl Serena is mixing with artsy West-siders, competing with Blair and others in their all-girl school for a prestigious film award. But Serena has her own problems. She is casually dating a West-sider named Dan, who is becoming obsessed. Can his sulky love poems win her heart? Nothing I say in this review can bring justice to master storyteller Cecily Von Ziegesar, whose research comes from her own life as an upper eastside, New York City teen. She has a reality-based knack for bringing cigarette-and-pot smoking rich kids into three-dimensional color. As naughty as these characters seem on every page, they are revealed to be real kids wanting to fit into accepted, meaningful lives as much as sleek clothes. This second GOSSIP GIRL book in the New York Times Bestselling GOSSIP GIRL series is an edgy page-turner. *Fun Notes: In the book, Gossip Girl is an anonymous online character who reports on the latest events in the lives of New York City’s richest teens at her site www.

Visionary Leadership In Health Health And Social Care Essay

In much of the underdeveloped universe, there is a broad spread between what has been achieved and what is desired in wellness. Technologies are available to turn to the assorted wellness concerns which may assist in accomplishing the many health-related ends. But this has non happened. The World Health Organisation ‘s ( WHO ) Framework for Action[ 1 ]underscores the importance of beef uping wellness systems to better wellness results. There is a demand to stress the function of establishment edifice in wellness systems in so that entree and quality of available wellness services can be improved[ 2 ]. However, a losing piece of this triangulation of critical factors for accomplishing coveted wellness results may good be found in a airy leading. In Section Two of this chapter, a instance is made for beef uping leading in wellness as the success in bettering wellness has been unequal. Advancement has been slow in accomplishing several health-related Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) every bit good as turn toing catching or non-communicable diseases or wellness sector reforms. Most reappraisals of advancement have showed a deficiency of leading and political will, and argued for greater leading that could take to enhanced policy attending and resources which would ensue in targeted effectual plans or accomplishing planetary criterions such as the Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) . The demand for beef uping leading is non new or limited to developing states. In 1994, Milbank Memorial Fund organized a meeting around â€Å" leading in public wellness †[ 3 ]. In the debut of the study, Daniel M. Fox and William L. Roper sum up the positions of participants and writers as follows: The writers of these documents agree that jobs of leading contribute to the trouble of doing and implementing policy to better the wellness of the American populace. By leading they mean the capacity of professionals to work efficaciously during long callings in a assortment of organisations that command resources and favourable attending from elected functionaries and the general populace. The writers, along with many of their co-workers among senior public wellness professionals, believe that more effectual leading would better the interlingual rendition of bing cognition about the bar and control of disease into policies that lead to longer and healthier lives. Leaderships can do a difference, as discussed in Section Three of this chapter. A instance of a leader doing a difference in the operation of wellness Centre in a province in India is presented. Many such illustrations abound in the literature[ 4 ]. A recent illustration of leading ‘s function in Senegal ‘s determination to offer free wellness attention is discussed. What do leaders necessitate to make? While a deficiency of equal resources is frequently mentioned as a cardinal barrier to accomplishing better consequences but illustrations in Section Four contradict this. We foremost discuss an illustration where a adult female ‘s life was saved despite gestation complications. The experience of Sri Lanka with cut downing maternal mortality shows what can be achieved in resource-constrained scenes. Similarly, several states have achieved singular success in change by reversaling or forestalling spread of HIV including Thailand, Uganda and Senegal. Practices which led to their success have been analyzed by UNAIDS. We map these patterns through a leading position taking to results of shared vision, aligned values, coordinated practices/ behaviours and leveraged resources of the wellness system. This is the result leaders need to accomplish.Inadequate Progress in Bettering Health: Case for Strengthened LeadershipThe Millennium Development Goal sIn 2000, the 189 United Nations Member States met at the Millennium Summit and adopted eight ends and 18 marks to battle poorness, hungriness, disease, favoritism against adult females, debasement of land, and illiteracy. The universe development community is challenged to accomplish MDGs by 2015. The Millennium Declaration ( paras 11 and 12 ) provinces[ 5 ]: â€Å" We will save no attempt to liberate our fellow work forces, adult females and kids from the abject and dehumanizing conditions of utmost poorness, to which more than a billion of them are presently subjected. We are committed to doing the right to development a world for everyone and to liberating the full human race from privation. We resolve hence to make an environment – at the national and planetary degrees – which is contributing to development and to the riddance of poorness. † Three of the eight MDGs are wellness related ends ( Table 1 ) : kid mortality ( MDG 4 ) , maternal wellness ( MDG 5 ) and HIV/AIDS ( MDG 6 ) . In add-on, gender ( MDG 3 ) is a cross-cutting issue that impacts many wellness issues including the three above. Other MDGs such as poorness and instruction have a strong correlated relationship with the societal determiners of wellness. Table 1. The Millennium Development Goals No Goals 1 Eradicate utmost poorness and hungriness 2 Achieve cosmopolitan primary instruction 3 Promote gender equality and empower adult females 4 Reduce kid mortality 5 Improve maternal wellness 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases 7 Ensure environmental sustainability 8 Develop a planetary partnership for development Beginning: UN. The Millennium Development Goals Report 2011Inadequate Progress towards Health Millennium Development GoalsA speedy reappraisal in 2004 reveals that most states were non on path to make wellness related MDGs. Harmonizing to the World Bank[ 6 ], South Asia was off path on six ends: gender equality, cosmopolitan primary school completion, kid mortality, maternal mortality, catching diseases and sanitation. East Asia and the Pacific part as a whole were away path on kid mortality, maternal mortality and catching diseases. Merely about a 4th of all states in the South and East Asia and the Pacific were on path to accomplish under-five mortality rate where merely 9.7 per centum people in South Asia and 17.4 per centum people in East Asia and the Pacific part live in these states. This state of affairs is even worse for maternal mortality, where less than 15 per centum of the states were on path to make this end. Although recent estimations for kid mortality vary, appraisals have highlighted that several states are off-track to accomplish the MDG 4 which calls for a two-thirds decrease in mortality in kids younger than 5 old ages between 1990 and 2015. It is estimated that world-wide mortality in kids younger than 5 old ages has dropped from 11.9 million deceases in 1990 to 7.7 million deceases in 2010, a per twelvemonth diminution of approximately 2.1 % compared to 4.4 % per twelvemonth needed to accomplish MDG 4[ 7 ]. Examination of distribution of annual rates of alteration in under-5 mortality shows that the MDG 4 mark of decrease rate of 4.4 % per twelvemonth corresponds to public presentation of states at the 67 percentile degree ; clearly a stretch mark. This distribution of advancement for kid mortality besides highlights that explosions of rapid diminution are possible. The survey by Rajratnam et Al. ( 2010 ) suggests that, â€Å" For illustration, 66 states have decreased child mor tality by more than 30 % in merely 5 old ages during the period of this survey † . Such singular diminution provides hope that accelerated advancement is possible. These robust estimations of mortality in kids younger than 5 old ages show that accelerated diminutions are happening in several low income states. These positive developments suggest that the advancement can be accelerated in hapless states but may necessitate to turn to leading challenges taking to heighten policy attending and resources which would consequences in targeted effectual plans. The MDG 5 purposes to better maternal wellness with a end of cut downing maternal mortality ratio ( MMR ) , figure of maternal deceases per 100,000 unrecorded births, by 75 % between 1990 and 2015. It therefore seeks to accomplish a 5.5 % one-year diminution in MMR from 1990. The recent UN study[ 8 ]estimated that globally the one-year per centum diminution in MMR between 1990 and 2008 was merely 2.3 % , less than half of what is needed to accomplish the MDG 5. An estimated 358,000 maternal deceases occurred worldwide in 2008, a 34 % diminution from the degree of 1990. The UN Report goes on to state, â€Å" The modest and encouraging advancement in cut downing maternal mortality is likely due to increased attending to developing and implementing policies and schemes aiming increased entree to effectual intercessions. Such attempts need to be expanded and intensified to speed up advancement towards cut downing the still really broad disparities between developing and developed states . † We will subsequently on discourse how Sri Lanka was able to halve their MMR in approximately 7 to 10 old ages and associate it to how leading challenges were addressed. Advancement at this gait in cut downing MMR would hold been equal to accomplish the MDG 5. This clearly shows that much needed leading was non forthcoming. Nowhere is the influence of leading more seeable than for HIV/AIDS plans, peculiarly by people populating with HIV ( PLHIV ) . The consequences are seeable in advancement towards a mark of MDG 6 which aims to â€Å" Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases. † The UN study[ 9 ]on advancement towards MDG 6 suggests that against the mark – to halve infections by 2015 and get down to change by reversal the spread of HIV/AIDS – the spread of HIV appears to hold stabilized in most parts, and more people on antiretroviral intervention ( ART ) are lasting longer. The study says, â€Å" The latest epidemiological information indicates that, globally, the spread of HIV appears to hold peaked in 1996, when 3.5 million people were freshly infected. By 2008, that figure had dropped to an estimated 2.7 million. † However, much more is required for quickly cut downing the new infections. Advancement is besides seeable towards the 6th mark – have halted by 2015 and begun to change by reversal the incidence of malaria and other major diseases – mostly driven by external attending and resources as evinced by formation of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria. The UN study says, â€Å" Sustained malaria control is cardinal to accomplishing many of the MDGs, and available informations show important advancement in scaling up bar and intervention attempts. † The study concludes, † more attending demands to be given to guaranting success in big states that account for most malaria instances and deceases if the MDG mark is to be reached. † The external influence on big states is likely to be restrained and more vigorous in-country leading is needed to turn to disease load due to malaria. The advancement on TB is edging frontward as incidence rate per capita continues to worsen easy. The UN study concludes, â€Å" If current tendencies are sustained, the universe as a whole will hold already achieved the MDG mark of halting and change by reversaling the incidence of TB in 2004. † However, because of deficiency of entree to high quality attention, TB remains a 2nd of import cause for the figure of people it kills. In 2008, 1.8 million people died from this disease. The MDGs passed the 12th twelvemonth grade in 2012 and there are three old ages to travel before the mark twelvemonth 2015. There has been progress but it has been uneven and patchy. For case, where there have been motions towards accomplishments of MDG marks, there was grounds that leading was vigorous and contributed towards actions for coveted wellness results. So, this is the chance and leading challenge for accomplishing MDGs by 2015.Non-Communicable DiseasesAlthough no specific MDGs were set for non-communicable diseases ( NCDs ) , they are a cause of the bulk of deceases, and the planetary disease load of NCDs is increasing. The Lancet NCD Action Group and the NCD Alliance say[ 10 ]that there is a demand to make a sustained planetary engagement against premature deceases and preventable morbidity and disablement from NCDs, chiefly bosom disease, shot, malignant neoplastic disease, diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases. It proposed five overarching precedence actions for the response to the crisis – leading, bar, intervention, international cooperation, and monitoring and answerability – and the bringing of five precedence intercessions – baccy control, salt decrease, improved diets and physical activity, decrease in risky intoxicants intake, and indispensable drugs and engineerings. The study goes on to state, â€Å" The first cardinal action for success is strong and sustained political leading at the higher national and international degrees†¦ .. Individual title-holders and politicians will besides necessitate to take a leading function. The wellness sector has a prima function in reacting to NCDs but many other authorities sectors including finance, agribusiness, foreign personal businesss and trade, justness, instruction, urban design and conveyance, have to be portion of the whole-of-government response, along with civil society and private sector. † Clearly the wellness plan leading of NCDs would hold to travel beyond their zone of influence to these other sectors.Health SectorHealth sector is confronting many challenges due to medical progresss every bit good as rapid epidemiological and economic passages, although their nature and strength vary from state to state. All wellness systems are fighting to incorporate costs while bettering wellne ss equity. Such a state of affairs, in bend, poses many challenges for leaders of wellness sector. An independent Commission on the Education of Health Professionals for the twenty-first Century called for a 3rd coevals of wellness professionals that should be system-based to better the public presentation of wellness systems[ 11 ]. The acquisition of wellness professionals need to travel from enlightening to formative to transformative acquisition. Enlightening acquisition is about geting cognition and accomplishments. Formative acquisition is about socialising pupils around values ; its intent is to bring forth professionals. Transformative acquisition is about developing leading attributes ; its intent is to bring forth enlightened alteration agents. The ultimate intent is to guarantee cosmopolitan coverage of the high quality comprehensive services that are indispensable to progress chance for wellness equity within and between states. Health sector reforms require non merely top degree political leading but besides leading of wellness sector at assorted degrees. This calls for leading to do a difference in wellness and, thereby, accelerate advancement in accomplishing MDGs.Leaderships Can Make a DifferenceLeaderships can make itCase study 1: Chainpur Primary Health Centre, Jharkhand, India The Chainpur primary wellness Centre ( PHC ) is located about three kilometres from the territory infirmary in Palamu territory of Jharkhand province in India[ 12 ]. In 2006, the PHC was in bad form. Grass had grown in the PHC compound and the manus pump had rusted from non-use. Very few people used the PHC services. Dr. A, medical officer in-charge ( MOIC ) , and his co-worker, Dr. G felt that non much could be done. â€Å" Who will come to Chainpur when you can travel to territory infirmary in 20 proceedingss? â€Å" , they said to a sing squad from an academic institute to discourse engagement of Dr. A in a leading development and organisation effectivity plan ( LDOE ) being launched with support from a giver. Despite his reserves, Dr. A agreed to take part. Through two round tables of preparation and during follow-up by LDOE squad, several thoughts for betterment were discussed and routinely rejected as it was felt that â€Å" non much could be done † . However, Drs. A and G began to experience that something should be done. As a portion of the preparation, Dr. A participated in advanced leading preparation in Malaysia and was inspired by the operation of the Malaysian wellness system during a field visit. Dr. A motivated his co-worker Dr. G that they would seek to better the PHC. As financess were available from the National Rural Health Mission ( NRHM ) , their first effort was to better the so moribund bringing room. Women ‘s feedback was used to better quality of installations and do services user-friendly. For case, payment of inducements for institutional bringing under a national strategy was given before the adult females left for place after bringing. As territory infirmary was nigh, adult females with complications of gestation could be easy referred at that place. Consequently the figure of bringings increased significantly. The layout of outpatient waiting room was improved. Benchs were provided and a little Television and purified H2O dispenser was installed with community part. These and other steps, despite being modest in nature, led the District Health Officer to praise Chainpur PHC and urge other medical officers to see it and detect its operation. A journalist visited Chainpur PHC and wrote about it in a newspaper. This became a theoretical account known as ‘Chainpur Model ‘ in Palamu territory. Take Home Messages on leading: Chainpur PHC What did it take to originate a alteration? What did it take to do a alteration? What were the costs and benefits?Leaderships Can Get It DoneCase Study 2: How did Sierra Leone Provide Free Health Care? On 27 April 2010, Sierra Leone started free wellness attention for pregnant adult females, new female parents, and immature kids. John Donnelly took an in-depth expression at how the war-worn state managed it[ 13 ]. In November 2009, Koroma, the president of Sierra Leone announced at a givers ‘ conference in London that he is originating a free health-care program on 27 April 2010, merely five months off, which coincided with the 49th day of remembrance of the state ‘s independency from Great Britain. Now, one twelvemonth subsequently, the consequences are in: the free health-care program has well increased services for female parents, and peculiarly for kids. The figure of kids treated for malaria, for case, has approximately tripled from the old twelvemonth, a dramatic illustration of how the deficiency of money proved to be a barrier to attention. â€Å" What happened in Sierra Leone was breathtaking † , said Rob Yates, senior wellness economic expert at the UK ‘s Department of International Development ( DfID ) a month after the launch. Yates has advised several authoritiess in Africa on establishing free health-care enterprises. â€Å" In five months, they were able to make a systematic reform in the Sierra Leone wellness system † , he said. â€Å" They had leading that galvanized the whole system. We have n't realized the full importance of what they have done. The planning was more thorough than any I have seen. Other authoritiess can larn from Sierra Leone. † In Sierra Leone, the cardinal factor, harmonizing to those interviewed, was the president: he put the health-care directive at the top of his precedence list. Political will drove the procedure. Although giver community was ab initio loath, they were willing to follow. There were other important factors. The Ministry of Health and Sanitation, which was responsible for execution of the enterprise, was fortunate to hold cardinal leaders in proficient places, such as the main medical officer, the manager of generative wellness services, and the caput of human resources. They took on extra duties at a clip when the ministry was without a curate. This was critical to the success of the free wellness attention program. They motivated people and played the function of wellness diplomat. One of them, although cognizing what had to be done, did non follow a direct nature of taking. It was compromising, warm and friendly. It was, ‘Do you think we could make this? ‘ alternatively of ‘Why the snake pit has this non happened? † Another took on the function of ministry interpreter for free wellness attention. Merely before the launch of free wellness attention, he went on wireless shows and keep imperativeness conferences. Cardinal leaders in the ministry were assigned territories and each travelled to the countries a twosome of yearss before the launch. The attempt to convey free wellness attention to Sierra Leone was non easy or simple, and ministry functionaries readily admit to doing incorrect determinations at assorted points. But to do the enterprise a success, tonss of people worked long hours for months toward a individual end that they believed in. Take Home Messages on leading: Sierra Leone ‘s Free Health Care Plan What and who made the difference? What resources were most important? What were the costs and benefits?Leaderships Know What Needs to be DoneCase Study 3: Woman whose life was saved: Overcoming Adversity at Maternal and Pre-natal Clinic, Tarapoto Regional Health Centre, San Martin[ 14 ] Rosa Diaz Barboza is a occupant of the Tabalosos territory in San Martin. At 18 old ages of age, Rosa was a merrily married adult female settling down to life with her new hubby and life on the farm and anticipating her first kid. Her distant place is located three hours from the closest wellness station, which is merely accessible by pes and even so, when it rains, the route is sometimes wholly out of use and no 1 is able to acquire in or out. However, despite all these geographical troubles, during the first trimester of Rosa ‘s gestation, outreach attempts by the regional wellness Centres were able to acquire to Rosa and she received antenatal instruction and attention. During a everyday prenatal visit, it was discovered that Rosa ‘s gestation could be a high hazard one due to several factors including anaemia. Taking into consideration the possible geographical troubles, deficiency of equipment and qualified staff, Rosa was referred to the wellness Centre in San Juan de Talliquihui where she could be attended to by non merely a nurse but besides a qualified clinical accoucheuse. At the 8th month of her gestation, Rosa and her hubby began the long journey to San Juan which involved a three-hour trek uphill to make the closest route. In San Juan, they stayed with relations and Rosa ‘s hubby picked up uneven occupations to get down salvaging money for the new babe. At the wellness clinic, Rosa was checked every hebdomad and everything seemed to be come oning usually. Nevertheless, clinic staff continuously praised Rosa and her hubby for be aftering in front. In the early hours of 25 June, Rosa began holding labour strivings and the accoucheuse was called instantly who confirmed that she was so in active labour. At 8:30 am, Rosa was transported to the wellness Centre where they were met by the Ob/Gyn Nurse. By 9:30 am, Rosa was ready to give birth but unluckily, the lone comfy bed in the Centre was occupied so, she was forced to give birth on difficult board which made the labour procedure even more painful. At 10:09 am, Luzmirella was born – she took her first breath and allow out a loud cry. She appeared healthy and normal and Rosa seemed to be managing the state of affairs good. Everyone was relieved and Rosa ‘s hubby rapidly ran place for a pillow and cover for his married woman. Forty proceedingss subsequently, the nurse observed that Rosa ‘s placenta had still non been expelled and she was shed blooding somewhat. Concerned by her anterior anaemia diagnosing and, to be on the safe side, she decided to get down the protocol to forestall daze ( low-risk degree ) ( Red ALERT-a really successful series of first assistance protocols for the bar of daze developed by the regional wellness Centre ) and tried to pull out the placenta manually but she was unsuccessful. At that point, she gathered the household members and suggested that they take Rosa to the infirmary in Cunumbuque. This infirmary, located an hr and a half off by auto, has a physician on call 24 hours a twenty-four hours. Initially, Rosa refused to travel stating she would instead decease than be moved in her current status. After bespeaking privateness with his married woman, Rosa ‘s hubby pleaded with her stating if non for him, she had to make it for their kid. At this point, Rosa agreed to the transportation. San Juan is a rural, distant town and as such, community leaders have developed eventuality programs for exigencies. For this state of affairs, they decided to make two things: communicate via CB wirelesss with people populating along the main road to inform them about the exigency and to bespeak a vehicle which can take a piece and, direct person to the infirmary to return with the infirmary ‘s ambulance. Due to the communities ‘ valiant attempts, by 12:30pm, Rosa was on her manner to the infirmary. At this point, she was shed blooding to a great extent and all the nurse could make was go on with protocol, administer injections of saline solution and massage Rosa ‘s venters. Rosa was hectic and non antiphonal, and she slipped in and out of consciousness. At 1:30 autopsy, over 3.5 hours after giving birth, they got Rosa to the infirmary in Cunumbuque. By this clip, she was wholly non-responsive and had lost all centripetal feelings. Doctors at that place instantly transferred her to the operating room where they tried a manual extraction of the placenta, which at this point was half manner out. After 30 proceedingss, the physician decided that Rosa needed specialized attending by a qualified sawbones with the necessary equipment. With IVs in both weaponries to forestall utmost daze due the profuse blood loss, Rosa was transferred once more to the Maternity and Prenatal Clinic and, it was at that place that at 4:00pm, the placenta was eventually extracted and Rosa was given over 4 litres of blood. The physician who finally removed the placenta, said it was due to ALL the actions taken by all the parties involved that saved Rosa ‘s life: from the wellness booster who encouraged Rosa to travel to the wellness station to, the adult male who practically ran all the manner to the infirmary to acquire the ambulance and the nurse who massaged Rosa ‘s belly for 2 hours. The little room where Rosa was instantly moved to was a drab assemblage boulder clay she opened her eyes and asked for her babe. Presently, Rosa and her hubby are be aftering Luzmirella ‘s first birthday party in June. They plan on ask foring all the hospital staff who helped guarantee that Luzmirella, a healthy, boisterous 11 month old can really observe her first and hopefully many more birthdays. Table 1 examines the factors related to the recovery of Rosa. Family/ family, community and authorities wellness system non merely coordinated their responses but besides leveraged resources available to them. These in bend were guided by shared vision about life being cherished and valued maternal wellness.Table 1. Success Factors related to the Recovery of RosaIndividual/ HouseholdCommunityGovernment Health SystemVision Woman ‘s life is cherished Save life when there are gestation complications Save life Valuess Proper wellness attention can salvage life during gestation complications Pregnancy complications need to be addressed Continuum of attention Practices Stay near the wellness installation when gestation was due Implement a eventuality program Health suppliers, nurse, physician all do that is needed Resources Family contributes its resources Community members contributes its labour. Health system uses all available resources The above illustration shows that shared vision, aligned values, coordinated patterns and leveraging resources among individuals/ families, communities and wellness system can cut down maternal deceases. Achieving these is the map of leading as discussed below. Case Study 4: Reducing Maternal Mortality in Sri Lanka[ 15 ] It is good known that engineerings to accomplish health-related ends are available. However, resource deficits are frequently cited as barriers to accomplishing them but the World Bank survey of success of Sri Lanka ( Pathmanathan et. Al. 2003[ 16 ]) in cut downing maternal mortality illustrates importance of wellness systems development and the function of institutional development in bettering entree and quality of available maternal wellness services. The 5th MDGs of bettering maternal wellness has a mark of â€Å" Reducing the maternal mortality ratio by three-fourthss, between 1990 and 2015 † . Based on experiences in Sri Lanka and Malaysia for more than 5 decennaries, the World Bank survey concludes that â€Å" maternal mortality can be halved in developing states every 7 to 10 old ages † . So the above MDG is accomplishable, although the overall advancement in cut downing maternal mortality since the 1890ss, as we saw in Section 2 falls short of the end. What will it take to accomplish this MDG? The Sri Lankan survey shows that maternal mortality decrease is low-cost regardless of income degree and growing rate. The route to maternal mortality decrease fundamentally includes skilled birth attending during child birth, direction of exigencies and complications of gestation and kid birth, and supervising maternal deceases. The critical schemes of wellness systems development used by Sri Lanka for cut downing maternal mortality ratio is shown in Figure 1. It comprised: constructing a foundation for effectual pregnancy attention, taking barriers to entree and bettering use of available installations. The needed institutional alterations in nucleus and complementary establishments are: human resource development and direction, aiming the hapless, constructing a functional referral system, taking barriers to entree furthering community mobilisation, beef uping answerability, and better organisational direction including execution of progressively sophisticated monitoring system. Coincident betterments in back uping establishments through improved conveyance increased seasonably entree. The enabling establishments besides played a function. The early additions in female instruction and the authorization of adult females through the electoral procedure provided an environment that sustained political and managerial committedness to bettering maternal wellness every bit good as improved wellness attention seeking behaviour. Fiscal barriers to pregnancy attention were removed by the authorities ‘s political committedness and society ‘s outlooks of wellness and instruction services to be provided free of charge. Oversight establishments are besides known to hold complemented these attempts synergistically. Civil enrollment of births and deceases was governed by statute law, and maternal deceases were viewed with sufficient concern to justify particular coverage by the Registrar General. Figure 1 shows the conventional position of wellness system development for cut downing maternal mortality. However, as shown in Table 2, these can besides be seen from a leading position of making shared vision, alining values, organizing patterns and leveraging resources among individuals/ families, communities.Figure 1. Conventional Position:Health System Development for Reducing Maternal MortalityThe three schemes are mutualist Resource allotment Establishing solid foundation for effectual pregnancy attention Increasing entree to such attention Targeting the hapless Ensure appropriate use of available services through improved quality Governments can afford to supply the critical elements of pregnancy attention free of charge to the client. Local accoucheuses Supervisory nurse mid-wives backed by referral services for complications of gestation Rural focal point Remove physical, societal and fiscal barriers and foster community mobilisation Supportive supervising Accountability through preparation Better organisational direction including execution of progressively sophisticated monitoring system ‘ Systematic reactivity to public demands and outlooksTable 2: It Can be Done: Leadership PerspectiveUndertakings Household/family Community Health system Create shared vision Female instruction Sophisticated monitoring system and particular coverage Align values Authorization of adult females Political and managerial committedness Systematic reactivity to public demands and outlooks Coordinate patterns Remove physical, societal and fiscal barriers Mobilize community Supervisory nurse-midwives backed by a referral system for complications of gestation Leverage resources Improved conveyance Free of charge servicesLeaderships Know It Can Be Done – Leaderships ‘ Positions To Address HIV/AIDSBelow we discuss three states[ 17 ]which had achieved noteworthy success in battling HIV/AIDS in early phases of AIDS epidemic – Uganda, Senegal and Thailand – which have been documented by UNAIDS as best pattern instance surveies.UgandaUganda is one of the universe ‘s poorer states and one of the most badly affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In 1998, it had 21 million people, with less than 14 % life in metropoliss. The gross national merchandise per capita was tantamount to about US $ 240. Entire HIV prevalence among grownups was over 8 % . Fortunately, Uganda is besides one of the African states where the HIV epidemic was recognized comparatively early and so prevention attempts were started on a national degree.[ 18 ] In 1986, the President publically acknowledged the state ‘s HIV/AIDS job and made a committedness to mobilising attempts against it. A national budget for the AIDS plan was established early in the epidemic. The state adopted a multi-sectoral attack. The Uganda AIDS Commission was set up in the Office of the President, and HIV/AIDS control plan were established in several authorities ministries, including the Ministry of Health. Different degrees of society were involved such as political, community and spiritual leaders. The Islamic Medical Association of Uganda supported community instruction on HIV/AIDS throughout the state, including the distribution of rubbers.[ 19 ]Radio messages on HIV/AIDS were broadcast widely. Condom societal selling services, backed by USAID, were implemented countrywide. HIV voluntary guidance and testing was made available extensively and outside the formal health-care service. Uganda ‘s success in HIV bar can be seen from the followers: Percentage of grownups infected declined from a extremum of approximately 14 % to approximately 6 % in 2003. Steep addition in rubber usage – the proportion of work forces who said that they had of all time used a rubber rose from 15 % to 55 % . Among adult females, the sum rose from 6 % to 39 % . Behavior alteration – Percentage sexually experienced work forces at age 18 fell from about 90 % in 1989 to 50 % in 1995.SenegalMuch has been written about the demand to step in early to halt the spread of HIV before it spreads to the general population. Senegal ‘s HIV bar plan has been extended and contains the elements of an effectual plan. There is good grounds that Senegal has maintained one of the lowest rates of infection in sub-Saharan Africa by altering the behaviour of many of its citizens.[ 20 ] Like Uganda, Senegal is non a rich state. In 1998, it had 9 million people, with 44 % life in towns. Per capita income was below US $ 600 a twelvemonth. Entire HIV prevalence among grownups was estimated at approximately 1.8 % . Senegal has long emphasized bar and primary wellness attention. Generative wellness and kid wellness are well-established precedences. In add-on, registered sex workers are required to hold regular wellness cheques, and are treated for any curable sexually transmitted infections ( STIs ) that are found. What was the response in Senegal? As in Uganda, politicians in Senegal were speedy to travel against the epidemic once the first instances appeared in the 2nd half of the 1980s. Since 93 % of Senegalese are Muslims, the authorities made attempts to affect spiritual leaders. HIV/AIDS became a regular subject in Friday discourses in mosques, and senior spiritual figures talked about it on telecasting and wireless. Many other degrees of Senegalese society joined in. By 1995, 200 NGOs were active in the response, as were adult females ‘s groups with about half a million members. HIV bar was included when sex instruction was introduced in schools. Parallel attempts reached out to immature people who are non in school. HIV voluntary and confidential guidance and proving were made available. Plans were instantly put in topographic point to back up sex workers to carry their clients to utilize rubber. Sexually Transmitted Infections ( STIs ) moved up the list of wellness precedences. Senegal was one of the first states in Africa to set up a national STI control plan that integrated STI attention into regular primary wellness services. Senegal ‘s success in HIV bar can be seen from the followers: HIV prevalence among pregnant adult females was merely over 1.4 % at the terminal of 1996, with no important tendency over clip. Condom distribution rose from 500,000 pieces in 1988 to 7 million pieces in 1997. Median age at first sex for adult females in 1997 for 25-29 old ages age group was 17.7 old ages but increased to 18.7 old ages for 20-24 old ages age group. Clearly, much in the societal construction and wellness services of Senegal before AIDS favored a successful response. In add-on, strong political committedness and the execution of effectual bar activities helped maintain Senegal ‘s rates of HIV infection among the lowest in sub-Saharan Africa.SiamFew states show the nexus between behaviour and HIV infection every bit clearly as Thailand.[ 21 ]Overall, behavioural alterations have reduced the figure of new HIV infections each twelvemonth from about 143,000 in 1991 to 29,000 in 2000. Thailand has a little over 60 million people, approximately 20 % of whom live in metropoliss. The gross national merchandise per capita was tantamount to about US $ 2700 in 1998. HIV prevalence among grownups was estimated at approximately 1.9 % , with higher prevalence in certain geographical countries and among certain groups. Thailand ‘s HIV prevalence is lower than that of Uganda, but it means a similar figure of people populating with HIV/AIDS. The effectual countrywide bar plan, which began in 1991, included several elements: The Prime Minister chaired the National AIDS Program. The Office of the Prime Minister took an active function in policy treatment, led the national public instruction attempt utilizing government-run mass media ( that is, public, non private ) , and took portion in monitoring. The Parliament established a sub-committee on AIDS. The National Economic and Social Development Board worked closely with the Ministry of Public Health to incorporate the National AIDS Plan into the five-year National Development Plan. The authorities AIDS budget increased drastically during the undermentioned old ages. Each cardinal ministry had its ain AIDS program and budget every bit good as a individual as the AIDS focal point. All provincial governors led the AIDS plan in their several states through the provincial development planning system. The concern community, people populating with HIV/AIDS, spiritual leaders and other community leaders became really involved in lending to policy duologue, resource mobilisation and the local execution of activities. In Thailand, 1991 was the turning point on human rights protection for PLHIV. HIV was removed from the list of diseases that required presentment to the wellness authorization. The prohibition on entry to Thailand of people with HIV/AIDS was lifted. A set of national policy guidelines to protect the rights of PLHIV was issued.[ 22 ] The most dramatic consequence of the national plan, famously known as 100 % rubber plan, can be seen from the followers: Entire figure of people populating with HIV/AIDS decreased from about 750,000 in 1995 to 650,000 in 2000. Work forces aged 15-49 sing sex workers dropped from 19 % in 1990 to 9 % in 1993. Reported figure of STIs in male fell from about 200,000 in 1989 to less than 20,000 in 1994. Consistent rubber usage among sex workers increased from over 50 % in 1990 to about 90 % in 1996.It Can Be Done: Conventional PositionTo show that success can be achieved even in resource-poor scenes, the experiences of these three states with differing civilizations and different degrees of the epidemic are discussed here. Uganda was difficult hit throughout the 1980s, and has had about two million cumulative AIDS-related deceases since so. Senegal, on the other manus, had non been earnestly affected by the epidemic. In Thailand, the epidemic became outstanding merely at the terminal of the 1980s but spread quickly once it took clasp. These are three different state of affairss, but behavioural alteration and some containment of the epidemic were achieved in these three developing states even with resource restraints. What are some indispensable characteristics of effectual plans which are shared by the three states? In each one, national AIDS plans portion a bundle of common characteristics that UNAIDS respects as â€Å" best pattern † , viz. : strong political committedness at the highest degree to covering with the epidemic ( this ensures policies and funding to turn to the epidemic ) ; multi-sectoral attacks to bar and attention and, at authorities degree, engagement by multiple ministries ; multilevel responses ( at national, provincial, territory and community degrees ) ; effectual monitoring of the epidemic and hazard behaviours, and airing of the findings both to better policies and plans and to prolong consciousness ; a combination of attempts aimed at the general population and focused on groups at high hazard, at the same clip ; execution on a big graduated table ; and integrated bar and attention. These actions proved to be effectual because leading was involved. The influence of leaders at different degrees of society in each state – the President/Prime Minister, the ministry functionaries, spiritual and community leaders, and so on – was seen in the bringing of policy waies and plan intercessions harmonizing to the desired or articulated ends and aims. The above actions can be interpreted from the leading perspectives as shown in Figure 2.Figure 2. It Can Be Done: Leadership PerspectiveCreate shared visionUganda: Public recognition, political committedness. Senegal: Political committedness, engagement of spiritual groups. Siam: Engagement of Prime Minister/ Parliamentarians and Provincial Governors.Align Valuess:Uganda: Public recognition, political committedness. Senegal: Political committedness, engagement of spiritual and many other groups including NGOs. Siam: Removing stigma and favoritismCoordinate Practices:Uganda: Multi-sectoral attack, IEC, rubber – societal selling and free distribution, Voluntary guidance and proving centre ( VCT ) . Senegal: Schools, VCT, rubber for sex workers, national STI plan. Siam: Engagement of provincial authorities and concerns.Leverage resources:Uganda: Multi-sectoral attack, political committedness. Senegal: National STI plans. Siam: National and provincial authorities budget, concern Therefore, the success of policies and plans is reflected through leading actions of making a shared vision, alining values, organizing patterns and leveraging resources among the individuals/ families, communities and wellness system, as shown in figure 3 belowFigure 3. The Leadership position for superior consequencesAs the context alterations, the leaders need to continually work on these actions to guarantee sustained advancement. The above mentioned early successes in HIV plans were non needfully sustained in go oning decrease in grownup prevalence of HIV infections. The HIV prevalence in Uganda had stabilized at between 6.5 % and 7 % since 2001. The grownup HIV prevalence remained low in Senegal at 2 % or under. On the other manus in Thailand, the rate of new HIV infections decreased by more than 25 % between 2001 and 2009. Current grownup HIV prevalence is estimated to be near to 1 % , a important diminution from a peak rate of about 2 % in 1995.